Immigrants and Refugees | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Order-in-Council P.C. 1911-1324 — the Proposed Ban on Black Immigration to Canada

    Order-in-Council P.C. 1324 was approved on 12 August 1911 by the Cabinet of Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier. The purpose of the order was to ban Black persons from entering Canada for a period of one year because, it read, “the Negro race…is deemed unsuitable to the climate and requirements of Canada.” The order-in-council was the culmination of what researcher R. Bruce Shepard has called Canada’s “campaign of diplomatic racism.” Though the order never became law, the actions of government officials made it clear that Black immigrants were not wanted in Canada (see Immigration).

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/9d43e9db-d903-4447-a4a6-ad497d99685f.jpg Order-in-Council P.C. 1911-1324 — the Proposed Ban on Black Immigration to Canada

  • Article

    Peter Vasilevich Verigin

    Peter Vasilevich Verigin, Doukhobor leader (born 1859 in Slavianka, Russia; died October 1924 near Grand Forks, British Columbia). Exiled in Russia, Verigin immigrated to Canada in 1902. There, he became a powerful and controversial Doukhobor leader in Western Canada. Verigin died when the train in which he was travelling exploded, leading some to believe he was assassinated.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/PeterVeregin.jpg Peter Vasilevich Verigin

  • Article

    Polish Canadians

    Polish immigrants began to arrive in Canada shortly after the First Partition of Poland in the late 1700s. According to the 2016 census, around one million Canadians claim full or partial Polish ancestry, and 191,775 Canadians speak Polish as a mother tongue language.

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  • Article

    Portuguese Canadians

    Portuguese explorers were among the first Europeans to lay eyes on what is now Canadian soil. In the 2016 Canadian census, 482, 610 people reported being of Portuguese origin, and 221, 540 people reported having Portuguese as their mother tongue language.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/PortugueseCanadians/Combined Portuguese_Canadian_Flag.jpg Portuguese Canadians

  • Article

    Refugees to Canada

    Refugees are migrants who fled their countries of origin to escape persecution or danger and have found asylum in another country. Over time, Canada has been the landing ground for many migrants seeking refuge from all over the world. However, discriminatory immigration policies have also prevented some asylum seekers in need of protection from entering Canada (see Canadian Refugee Policy).

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  • Article

    Rose Johnstone

    Rose Mamelak Johnstone, FRSC, biochemist (born 14 May 1928 in Lodz, Poland; died 3 July 2009 in Montreal, QC). Rose Johnstone is best known for her discovery of exosomes, a key development in the field of cell biology. These tiniest of structures originating in all cells of the human body are vehicles that transport proteins, lipids and RNA from one cell to another. A pioneer of women in science, Johnstone was the first woman to hold the Gilman Cheney Chair in Biochemistry and the first and only woman chair of the Department of Biochemistry in McGill University’s Faculty of Medicine.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/home-page-images/Rose_Johnstone-crop2.jpg Rose Johnstone

  • Article

    Ruben Cusipag

    Ruben Javier Cusipag, journalist, social activist (born 12 July 1938 in Paco, Manila; died 9 July 2013 in Markham, Ontario). Cusipag was a pioneer in Filipino Canadian journalism. He contributed to several newspapers and was the founding editor of Atin Ito, one of Canada’s oldest Filipino newspapers, and founder of the Toronto-based newspaper Balita. Cusipag also co-authored Portrait of Filipino Canadians in Ontario (1960-1990) (1993). (See also Filipino Canadians.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/TCE_placeholder.png Ruben Cusipag

  • Article

    Russian Canadians

    People from Russia have been in Canada since at least the late 18th century. Over time, more and more Russians immigrated and settled in Canada. In the 2016 census, 622,445 Canadians reported being of Russian origin.

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  • Article

    Scottish Canadians

    Though often considered Anglo-Canadians, the Scots have always regarded themselves as a separate people. The Scots have immigrated to Canada in steady and substantial numbers for over 200 years, with the connection between Scotland and Canada stretching farther — to the 17th century. Scots have been involved in every aspect of Canada's development as explorers, educators, businessmen, politicians, writers and artists. The Scots are among the first Europeans to establish themselves in Canada and are the third largest ethnic group in the country. In the 2016 Census of Canada, a total of 4,799,005 Canadians, or 14 percent of the population, listed themselves as being of Scottish origin (single and multiple responses).

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/4d323062-cb6e-4937-acd9-7666f7d8c449.jpg Scottish Canadians

  • Article

    Serbian Music in Canada

    Immigration to Canada by the peoples of this eastern portion of modern Yugoslavia began in significant numbers after World War II, and by 1986 some 12,970 Serbian-Canadians lived and worked in the industrial areas of southern Ontario. Others lived in Ottawa, Montreal, and Vancouver.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Serbian Music in Canada

  • Article

    Sinhalese Canadians

    The Sinhalese are the largest ethnic group of Sri Lanka. Immigration to Canada began in the mid-1950s and increased in the late 1980s. According to the 2016 Canadian census, 7,285 people claimed  Sinhalese ancestry (4,355 single and 2,925 multiple responses). The census reported 152,595 people of Sri Lankan origin in Canada. 

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    Slovak Canadians

    Slovakia, the land of the Slovaks, is located in Central Europe and borders the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. Slovak Canadians are a deeply religious people, family oriented, and proud of their origin and language, always quick to correct those who refer to them as Czechs or Czechoslovaks. They have been coming to North America since the second half of the 19th century and have contributed significantly to the economic, social and cultural development of Canada. In the 2016 Census of population, 72,290 Canadians reported being of Slovak origin.

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  • Article

    Slovenian Canadians

    Slovenia is a country in central Europe. It is bordered by Croatia, Hungary, Austria, Italy, and the Adriatic Sea. In the 2016 Canadian census, 40, 475 people reported being of Slovenian origin (13, 690 single and 26, 785 multiple responses). 

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Slovenian Canadians

  • Article

    Slovenian Music in Canada

    The first substantial Canadian immigration from Slovenia (the northwestern region of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which was renamed Yugoslavia in 1929) occurred 1918-29. Peasants and labourers moved to Ontario, many becoming farmers on the Niagara peninsula.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Slovenian Music in Canada

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    South Asian Canadians

    South Asians trace their origins to South Asia or the Indian subcontinent, which can include India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Most South Asian Canadians are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from these countries, but immigrants from South Asian communities established during British colonial times also include those from East and South Africa, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Fiji and Mauritius. Others come from Britain, the US and Europe. In the 2021 census, 2.6 million Canadians (7.1 per cent) identified as being South Asian.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/South_Asia_non_political-_with_rivers.jpg South Asian Canadians