Indigenous Peoples | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Early Inuit (Thule) Winter House

    The early Inuit (Thule) were an Indigenous people who began to occupy the Arctic, from Alaska to Greenland, around 1000 CE. In the winter, the early Inuit used a house built partially into the ground to keep them warm for long periods of time. One striking feature of this structure was the roof, which was sometimes made of whalebone. (See also Architectural History of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/ThuleHouse.jpg Early Inuit (Thule) Winter House

  • Article

    Tlicho (Dogrib)

    Tlicho (Tłı̨chǫ), also known as Dogrib, are an Indigenous people in Canada. They fall within the broader designation of Dene, who are Indigenous peoples of the widespread Athapaskan (or Athabascan) language family. Their name for themselves is Doné, meaning "the People." To distinguish themselves from their Dene neighbours, including the Denesuline,  Slavey, Sahtu Got'ine and K'asho Got'ine, they have come to identify themselves as Tlicho, a Cree word meaning “dog's rib,” referring to a creation story. In 2005, the Tlicho Agreement, which saw the Tlicho gain control of 39,000 km2 of their traditional lands, became the first combined self-government agreement and comprehensive land claim in the Northwest Territories. According to the Northwest Territories Bureau of Statistics (2019), the population of the Tlicho region of the territory was 2,983.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/Tłı̨chǫ_girls-1.jpg Tlicho (Dogrib)

  • Article

    Tommy Prince

    Thomas George Prince, war hero, Indigenous advocate (born 25 October 1915 in Petersfield, MB; died 25 November 1977 in Winnipeg, MB). Tommy Prince of the Brokenhead Ojibway Nation is one of the most-decorated Indigenous war veterans in Canada, having been awarded a total of 11 medals for his service in the Second World War and the Korean War. When he died, he was honoured at his funeral by his First Nation, the province of Manitoba, Canada and the governments of France, Italy and the United States. ( See also Indigenous Peoples and the World Wars.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/807e5d85-0d60-4180-8400-b1badabf3486.jpg Tommy Prince

  • Article

    Tookoolito

    Tookoolito, also known as Hannah and Taqulittuq (born in 1838 near Cumberland Sound, NU; died 31 December 1876 in Groton, Connecticut), Inuk translator and guide to American explorer Charles Francis Hall. Tookoolito and her husband, Ebierbing (traditionally spelt Ipiirvik), were well-known Inuit explorers of the 19th century who significantly contributed to non-Inuit’s knowledge of the North. The Government of Canada has recognized Tookoolito and Ebierbing as National Historic Persons.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/e04550ef-5ab9-4ff6-89e7-d5d42a2e1b8c.jpg Tookoolito

  • Article

    Toquaht

    The Toquaht (“people of the narrow beach”) are a Nuu-chah-nulth nation residing in western Barkley Sound, near the town of Ucluelet, on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Toquaht First Nation is currently self-governing under the Maa-nulth treaty.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/eb9c5952-1797-40ce-935b-caa1f64feaf7.jpg Toquaht

  • Article

    Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action

    The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) was officially launched in 2008 as part of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement. This multi-faceted agreement was intended to compensate survivors for the harms they suffered in residential schools, and to work towards a more just and equitable future for Indigenous peoples. The TRC was also meant to lay the foundation for lasting reconciliation across Canada. The TRC’s six-volume final report was released on 15 December 2015. It argued that the residential school program resulted in cultural genocide and outlined 94 Calls to Action.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/a042133-v6.jpg Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action

  • Article

    Tseshaht (Sheshaht)

    The Tseshaht (also Ts’ishaa7ath or Ć̓išaaʔatḥ; formerly Sheshaht) are a Nuu-chah-nulth First Nation living in Barkley Sound and Alberni Inlet, Vancouver Island, BC. As of September 2018, the federal government counted 1,212 registered members of the Tseshaht First Nation, the majority of whom (728) live off reserve.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/d8ac030b-9728-428c-a546-17223668b49b.jpg Tseshaht (Sheshaht)

  • Article

    Tsetsaut

    The Tsetsaut (also known as the Wetaɬ) were a Dene people who lived inland from the Tlingit (Łingít) along the western coast of British Columbia and Southeastern Alaska. Apart from Nisga’a oral tradition and the linguistic research of anthropologist Franz Boas, who lived among the Tsetsaut in the 1890s, little is known about them. The Tsetsaut were decimated by war and disease in the 1800s, their numbers reduced to just 12 by the end of the century. It was once believed that the last of the Tsetsaut people died in 1927 and that their ancient language was no longer spoken. However, as of 2019, there are approximately 30 people from the Tsetsaut/Skii km Lax Ha Nation identifying as Tsetsaut in British Columbia.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/cce8b2c9-3dd1-46a4-9e5a-8bf2b73404b5.jpg Tsetsaut

  • Article

    Ts'msyen (Tsimshian)

    Ts’msyen (Tsim-she-yan, meaning “Inside the Skeena River”; sometime spelled Tsimshian or Tsm’syen) is a name that is often broadly applied to Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. They speak languages of the Ts’msyen language family. In the 2016 census, 2,695 people reported speaking a Ts’msyen language. The largest concentration of Ts’msyen speakers (98.1 per cent) live in British Columbia. In the 2016 census, 5,910 people claimed Ts’msyen ancestry.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/31938a10-8f41-41b1-92bb-8096a3025bf3.jpg Ts'msyen (Tsimshian)

  • Article

    Tupiq

    Historically, Inuit used a simple tent, known as a tupiq (the plural form is tupiit), while travelling or hunting during the summer months. Today, the traditional tupiq is rarely used (because modern variations have largely replaced it), but some Inuit elders and communities are working to keep the tupiq, and other Inuit traditions, alive. (See also  Architectural History of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/Tupiq/InuitFamilyTupiq1915.JPG Tupiq

  • Article

    Turtle Island

    For some Indigenous peoples, Turtle Island refers to the continent of North America. The name comes from various Indigenous oral histories that tell stories of a turtle that holds the world on its back. For some Indigenous peoples, the turtle is therefore considered an icon of life, and the story of Turtle Island consequently speaks to various spiritual and cultural beliefs. This is the full-length entry about Turtle Island. For a plain-language summary, please see Turtle Island (Plain-Language Summary).

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/dreamstime_xxl_54953777.jpg Turtle Island

  • Article

    Turtle Island (Plain-Language Summary)

    Turtle Island is another name for North America. The origin of the name comes from the Algonquian-and-Iroquoian-speaking peoples. They are from the Northeastern part of North America. The stories are about a turtle that carries the world on its back. It is a symbol for life, the earth, and Indigenous identity. It also shows a deep appreciation for nature. This article is a plain-language summary of Turtle Island. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry, Turtle Island.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/dreamstime_xxl_54953777.jpg Turtle Island (Plain-Language Summary)

  • Article

    Tutchone

    The fluctuating fauna and subarctic climate, with warm summers and very cold winters, required a seminomadic way of life. Families gathered in spring and summer fish camps, at autumn meat camps, and clustered for part of the winter near dried food supplies and at good fish lakes.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/7d2699bc-260f-4b3e-b27a-f0d430e23030.jpg Tutchone

  • Article

    Two-Spirit

    ​Two-Spirit, a translation of the Anishinaabemowin term niizh manidoowag, refers to a person who embodies both a masculine and feminine spirit. The concept of two-spirit was first introduced by Elder Myra Laramee. Activist Albert McLeod helped develop the term in 1990 to broadly reference Indigenous peoples in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) community. Two-spirit is used by some Indigenous peoples to describe their gender, sexual and spiritual identity. (See also Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Rights in Canada.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/ce771970-735f-414b-904a-4d2e0670d563.JPG Two-Spirit

  • Article

    Uchucklesaht Tribe

    Uchucklesaht is a Nuu-chah-nulth First Nation of west Barkley Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island. According to the tribe, there are 299 Uchucklesaht citizens, only three of whom live in the village of Hilthatis.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/bef3cc60-b45e-4a19-b10f-b8248f21b21b.jpg Uchucklesaht Tribe