Communities & Sociology | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Portia White (Plain-Language Summary)

    Portia May White, singer, teacher (born 24 June 1911 in Truro, NS; died 13 February 1968 in Toronto, ON). Portia White was one of the best classical singers of the 20th century. She was the first Black Canadian concert singer to become famous. Her voice was described by one critic as “a gift from heaven.” She was often compared to the African American singer Marian Anderson. The Nova Scotia Talent Trust was founded in 1944 to allow White to focus on her singing career. She was named a “person of national historic significance” by the Government of Canada in 1995. This article is a plain-language summary of Portia White. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry: Portia White.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/PortiaWhiteHeader.jpg Portia White (Plain-Language Summary)

  • Article

    Portuguese Canadians

    Portuguese explorers were among the first Europeans to lay eyes on what is now Canadian soil. In the 2016 Canadian census, 482, 610 people reported being of Portuguese origin, and 221, 540 people reported having Portuguese as their mother tongue language.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/PortugueseCanadians/Combined Portuguese_Canadian_Flag.jpg Portuguese Canadians

  • Article

    Pitikwahanapiwiyin (Poundmaker)

    Pitikwahanapiwiyin (Poundmaker), Cree chief (born circa 1842 in central SK; died 4 July 1886 in Blackfoot Crossing, AB). Remembered as a great leader, Pitikwahanapiwiyin strove to protect the interests of his people during the negotiation of Treaty 6. Considered a peacemaker, he did not take up arms in the North-West Resistance. However, a young and militant faction of his band did participate in the conflict, resulting in Pitikwahanapiwiyin’s arrest and imprisonment for treason. His legacy as a peacemaker lives on among many Cree peoples, including the Poundmaker Cree Nation in Saskatchewan.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/!feature-img-thumbnails/poundmaker-th.jpg Pitikwahanapiwiyin (Poundmaker)

  • Article

    Powley Case

    R. v. Powley was a legal case concerning Métis hunting rights in Canada. In 1993, the province of Ontario charged Steve and Roddy Powley with illegal hunting. The Powleys disputed their conviction, arguing that the Aboriginal rights enshrined in section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 protected their hunting rights as Métis people. The case concluded in 2003, when the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the Powleys were, in fact, exercising lawful Métis hunting rights. The Powley case established criteria on who can legally qualify for Métis rights. It outlined 10 specific criteria, known as the Powley Test, which applies to Métis communities across Canada. The case also clarified that the Métis are a distinct people, separate from First Nations and Inuit peoples in Canada. Some legal experts believe the Powley case might lead to expanded Métis rights, including harvesting and fishing rights and possibly self-government.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/4de10db1-6b8b-45ef-a60a-55998c7afca0.jpg Powley Case

  • Article

    Powwows in Canada

    Powwows are celebrations that showcase Indigenous music, dances, regalia, food and crafts. Commonly hosted by First Nations communities (either on reserve or in urban settings), powwows are often open to non-Indigenous and Métis and Inuit peoples alike. Contemporary powwows originated on the Great Plains during the late 19th century and, since the 1950s, have been growing in size, number and popularity. Powwows serve an important role in many Indigenous peoples’ lives as a forum to visit family and friends, and to celebrate their cultural heritage, while also serving as a site for cross-cultural sharing with other attendees and participants. Indeed, powwows provide the opportunity for visitors to learn about, and increase their awareness of, traditional and contemporary Indigenous life and culture.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/e2dfc5a1-46ca-4732-b1b4-459c1b227e67.jpg Powwows in Canada

  • Article

    Pre-Dorset

    Based on archaeological evidence, the earliest permanent human habitation in the Eastern North American Arctic began roughly 5,000 years ago. These first humans of the North American Arctic are referred to as the “Palaeo-Inuit.” They likely crossed the Bering Strait from Chukotka (northeastern Siberia). Inuit oral histories call the earliest people of the Arctic “Tuniit”. The Palaeo-Inuit lived for thousands of years until roughly 700 years ago. They are culturally and genetically distinct from early Inuit. Early Inuit are sometimes called “Thule” and are direct ancestors of modern Inuit. However, research on the Palaeo-Inuit and Inuit is ongoing and may change.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/PreDorset/Figure3RaisedBeachRidgeIllustration.jpg Pre-Dorset

  • Article

    Prem Watsa

    V. Prem Watsa, CM, businessman, investor (born 7 August 1950, in Hyderabad, India). Watsa emerged from modest beginnings to found and develop one of the most prominent financial holding companies in Canada, Fairfax Financial Holdings Ltd., of which he is chairman and chief executive officer. Fairfax is engaged in property and casualty insurance and reinsurance, as well as investment management. Among the companies Fairfax either owns, or owns enough shares to give it controlling interest, are Sporting Life, William Ashley, and Prime Restaurants, which has many chains including East Side Mario’s. Fairfax also has investments and owns insurance and other companies in Canada, the United States, Great Britain, Brazil, Poland, Malaysia, Singapore, Barbados and Hong Kong. In 2016, it had revenues of $12.3 billion and held $58.3 billion in assets. Watsa is sometimes called Canada’s Warren Buffett for his shrewd investment practices. According to Forbes, he had an estimated net worth of over $1.08 billion (as of 2017) and was ranked the 31st wealthiest Canadian.

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  • Article

    Princess Alice Countess of Athlone

    Her Royal Highness Princess Alice Mary Victoria Augusta Pauline of Albany, Countess of Athlone, viceregal consort of Canada from 1940 to 1946 (born 25 February 1883 in Berkshire, United Kingdom; died 3 January 1981 in London, United Kingdom). Princess Alice promoted Canadian culture and women’s contributions to the Second World War. She was the last surviving grandchild of Queen Victoria and the last member of the royal family to serve as viceregal consort of Canada. 

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/5a83a9d8-0a85-44ec-8588-86613a13befd.jpg Princess Alice Countess of Athlone

  • Article

    Sheila Na Geira

    According to legend, Sheila Na Geira (also spelled NaGeira and Nagira) was an Irish aristocrat or princess who, 300 or 400 years ago, while travelling between France and Ireland, was captured by a Dutch warship and then rescued by British privateers. She fell in love and was married to one of the privateers, Lieutenant Gilbert Pike. They settled at western Conception Bay. By the early 20th century, the legend was being told as part of Newfoundland’s oral tradition, and has since been popularized by poems, novels, scholarly articles and several plays.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/dreamstime_resize_33120989-2.jpg Sheila Na Geira

  • Article

    Qalipu Mi’kmaq First Nation

    Qalipu (pronounced: ha-lee-boo) is a Mi’kmaq First Nation based in Newfoundland and Labrador. The nation was established in 2011 under the Indian Act. According to the federal government, Qalipu has 24,464 registered members in 2021, making it the second-largest First Nation by population in Canada. The nation’s members hail from 67 different communities across Newfoundland. As of 2020, roughly 95 per cent of Qalipu members live in Newfoundland and Labrador; the other 5 per cent live throughout Canada. The Qalipu Mi’kmaq First Nation currently controls no reserve land. (See also Reserves in Newfoundland and Labrador.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/Marc Humber article pic.jpg Qalipu Mi’kmaq First Nation

  • Article

    Qaqaq Ashoona

    Always considering himself a hunter rather than an artist, the simplicity and strength of Qaqa Ashoona's sculptures suggest a continuity between the animal, material, and spiritual worlds.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/c0bb89a2-48a0-45f0-a18f-afa7c6424682.JPG Qaqaq Ashoona

  • Article

    Qitdlarssuaq

    Qitdlarssuaq (also known as Qillarsuaq or Qillaq), Inuit leader and angakkuq (shaman) (born in southeastern Baffin Island, NT; died in 1875 near Cape Herschel, NT).

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/5176d9ce-bf5f-4fdf-9453-c0f71b3128e6.jpg Qitdlarssuaq

  • Article

    Quakers

    The Quakers (properly The Religious Society of Friends) are a body of Christians that arose out of the religious ferment of mid-17th century Puritan England. Founder George Fox (1624-91) was the son of a Leicestershire weaver.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Quakers

  • Article

    Quebec Film History: 1970 to 1989

    This entry presents an overview of Québec cinema, from the burgeoning of a distinctly Québec cinema in the 1970s, to the production explosion that followed Denys Arcand’s Le déclin de l’empire américain (1986). It highlights the most important films, whether in terms of box office success or international acclaim, and covers both narrative features and documentaries. It also draws attention to an aspect of filmmaking that still has difficulty finding its place: women's cinema.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/aa8cc00a-320d-4447-bb88-20c45fede6e0.jpg Quebec Film History: 1970 to 1989

  • Macleans

    Rabin Assassinated

    "I have always believed that the majority of the people want peace, and are ready to take a risk for it," Yitzhak Rabin told a crowd of 100,000 at a peace rally last Saturday night in Tel Aviv. With those words, the Israeli prime minister wrote his own epitaph.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on November 13, 1995

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Rabin Assassinated