Communities & Sociology | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Racial Segregation of Indigenous Peoples in Canada

    Racial segregation is the enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community or establishment. Historically, the racial segregation of Indigenous peoples in Canada has been enforced by the Indian Act, reserve system, residential schools, and Indian hospitals, among other programs. These policies interfered with the social, economic, cultural and political systems of Indigenous peoples, while also paving the way for European settlement across the country. The segregation of Indigenous peoples in Canada must be understood within the history of contact, doctrines of discovery and conquest, and ongoing settler colonization.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/e2fc5e7b-a9d8-44b1-9ad2-d3eb4b918457.jpg Racial Segregation of Indigenous Peoples in Canada

  • Article

    Ralph Cecil Horner

    Ralph Cecil Horner, evangelist, church leader (b in Pontiac County, Canada E 22 Dec 1854; d at Ivanhoe, Ont 12 Sept 1921). After a short, stormy career as Methodist minister, he founded and led a series of HOLINESS CHURCHES.

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  • Article

    Ralph Garvin Steinhauer

    ​Ralph Garvin Steinhauer, OC, lieutenant-governor of Alberta, Indigenous leader, farmer (born 8 June 1905 in Morley, North-West Territories [now AB]; died 19 September 1987 in Edmonton, AB). The first Indigenous person to serve as lieutenant-governor of a Canadian province, he was committed to Indigenous affairs in Alberta and Canada.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/f66f4bb1-c74c-412c-ab5d-91a5c8456d55.jpg Ralph Garvin Steinhauer

  • Article

    Ray Lewis

    Raymond Gray (“Rapid Ray”) Lewis, CM, sprinter (born 8 October 1910 in Hamilton, ON; died 14 November 2003 in Hamilton, ON). Ray Lewis was the first Canadian-born Black athlete to earn an Olympic medal. He won a bronze medal in the 4 x 400 m relay at the 1932 Olympic Summer Games in Los Angeles. He was also part of the Canadian team that won the silver medal in the 4 x 400 m event at the 1934 British Empire Games in London, England. Lewis was made a Member of the Order of Canada in 2000.

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  • Macleans

    Raymond Chan (Profile)

    This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on January 30, 1995. Partner content is not updated.

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  • Article

    Raymond Gravel

    ​Raymond Gravel, priest, chaplain, theologian and parliamentarian (born 4 November 1952 in Saint-Damien-de-Brandon, QC; died 11 August 2014 in Joliette, QC).

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  • Article

    RCAF Flyers

    The RCAF (Royal Canadian Air Force) Flyers was a men’s amateur hockey team comprised mostly of RCAF personnel that was assembled quickly to represent Canada at the 1948 Winter Olympics. After losing exhibition games in Canada, the media declared the team a national embarrassment. Several roster changes improved the team and it won the Gold Medal at the Olympic Winter Games in St. Moritz, Switzerland.

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  • Article

    RCMP Troop 17

    On 16 September 1974, thirty-two women from across Canada made history when they were sworn in as the first female officers in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). Known as Troop 17, they paved the way for equal opportunity in national law enforcement. In 2023, approximately 22 per cent of RCMP officers are women.

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  • Article

    Récollets

    Récollets, a reformed branch of the Franciscan family, came to France at the end of the 16th century. The main objective of the Récollets was to observe more strictly the Rule of St Francis, and like other semiautonomous branches, they came under the minister general of the Franciscans.

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  • Article

    Reconciliation in Canada

    In Canada, the process of reconciliation is tied to the federal government's relationship with Indigenous peoples. The term has come to describe attempts made by individuals and institutions to raise awareness about colonization and its ongoing effects on Indigenous peoples. Reconciliation also refers to efforts made to address the harms caused by various policies and programs of colonization, such as residential schools. For some, the word represents an opportunity to reflect on the past, to heal and to make right. For others, however, current gestures of reconciliation are merely performative and lack meaningful action to address the harms done by colonization. This is the full-length entry about Reconciliation in Canada. For a plain-language summary, please see Reconciliation in Canada (Plain-Language Summary).

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  • Article

    Red Dress Day

    Red Dress Day, also known as the National Day of Awareness for Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls and Two-Spirit People, is observed on May 5th. The day honours and brings awareness to the thousands of Indigenous women, girls and two-spirit people who have been subject to disproportionate violence in Canada. Red Dress Day was inspired by Métis artist Jaime Black’s REDress Project installation, in which she hung empty, red dresses to represent the missing and murdered women. Red dresses have become symbolic of the crisis as a result of her installation.

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  • Article

    Redemptorists

    Redemptorists, or the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, is a worldwide community of priests and brothers, founded in 1732 by St. Alphonsus Liguori in Italy. The headquarters are in Rome. The Redemptorists have been present in Canada since 1834.

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  • Article

    Refugees to Canada

    Refugees are migrants who fled their countries of origin to escape persecution or danger and have found asylum in another country. Over time, Canada has been the landing ground for many migrants seeking refuge from all over the world. However, discriminatory immigration policies have also prevented some asylum seekers in need of protection from entering Canada (see Canadian Refugee Policy).

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  • Macleans

    Reinhart Released by Rebels

    This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on January 25, 1999. Partner content is not updated. Norbert Reinhart’s family was praying desperately for his release when his daughter Molly stood on a wooden pew in Our Lady of Lourdes Church in downtown Toronto. "I’m going to the mountain," said the blond two-year-old, pointing towards the dome towering above her, "to bring my daddy home.

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  • Macleans

    Relatives Await Word on Vancouver's Missing Women

    This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on March 25, 2002. Partner content is not updated. For a few hours on March 11, Sereena Abotsway's life mattered more than the sad mystery of her murder.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Relatives Await Word on Vancouver's Missing Women