Communities & Sociology | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    The New Canadian

    The New Canadian (1938–2001) was an English-language newspaper published by and for the Japanese Canadian community. Initially, the newspaper was founded as a forum for second-generation Japanese Canadians to express and foster their identity as English-speaking Canadians and to support a mission of “cultural, economic, and political assimilation.” (See also Canadian English; Languages in use in Canada.) The newspaper became the primary source of both English- and Japanese-language news for Japanese Canadians during their forced uprooting from the west coast in the 1940s (see Internment of Japanese Canadians). It continued to be published in the postwar years, with its English-language content shifting towards social and community news while its Japanese-language section grew in importance for pre-war and postwar Japanese immigrants. The newspaper was sold to Japan Communications in 1990 and its final edition was published in 2001.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/thenewcanadian/thenewcanadian.jpg The New Canadian

  • Article

    The Penner Report

    The Penner Report was a report prepared by the Special Committee of the House of Commons on Indian Self-Government. It was issued in November 1983. Named after committee chairman Keith Penner, the report made a series of recommendations. These recommendations promoted the concept of self-governing First Nations. First Nations, in this legal context, are classified as status Indians under the Indian Act.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/1eef3d08-4031-40d3-bbd4-6443822cd128.jpg The Penner Report

  • Article

    The Underground Railroad (Plain-Language Summary)

    The Underground Railroad was a secret organization. It was made up of people who helped African Americans escape from slavery in the southern United States. The people in this organization set up a system of routes that escaped slaves could travel to find freedom in the northern United States and Canada. In the 1800s (the 19th century) between 30,000 and 40,000 escaped slaves travelled to British North America (Canada) through the Underground Railroad. (This article is a plain-language summary of the Underground Railroad in Canada. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry on The Underground Railroad.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/62778b7a-e28f-4fe4-96c6-ec4011ee3af2.jpg The Underground Railroad (Plain-Language Summary)

  • Article

    Thelma Chalifoux

    Thelma Julia Chalifoux, senator, entrepreneur, activist (born 8 February 1929 in Calgary, AB; died 22 September 2017 in St. Albert, AB). Chalifoux was the first Métis woman appointed to the Senate of Canada. As a senator, she was concerned with a range of issues, including Métis housing, drug company relations with the federal government, and environmental legislation. An ardent advocate for women’s and Indigenous rights, Chalifoux was involved in organizations such as the Aboriginal Women’s Business Development Corporation and the Métis Women’s Council. She was also known for her work in the protection of Métis culture, having served in the Alberta Métis Senate and Michif Cultural and Métis Resource Institute (now Michif Cultural Connections).

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/IndiLeaderStamps/thelma-chalifoux-stamp.jpg Thelma Chalifoux

  • Article

    Thomas Albert Moore

    Thomas Albert Moore, Methodist minister, moderator of United Church of Canada (b at Acton, Canada W 29 June 1860; d at Toronto 31 Mar 1940).

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Thomas Albert Moore

  • Article

    Thomas D'Arcy McGee

    Thomas D’Arcy McGee, journalist, politician, poet (born 13 April 1825 in Carlingford, County Louth, Ireland; died 7 April 1868 in Ottawa, ON). Thomas D’Arcy McGee was dedicated to the cause of Irish national liberation. This pushed him towards revolutionary anti-British doctrine in his early years. However, he matured to become a staunch defender of British constitutional monarchy and a Father of Confederation. He was an advocate for minority rights at a time when the politics of ethnic and religious identity were intensely fraught. He was an incredibly eloquent public speaker and a passionate advocate for Canadian interests. However, his political transformation ultimately damaged his popularity with Irish nationalists, particularly the Fenians. He was assassinated in 1868.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/4a74eaf5-4691-4b89-9d50-e98da872ed41.jpg Thomas D'Arcy McGee

  • Article

    Thomas Peters

    Thomas Peters (also Petters), Black community leader, soldier (born circa 1738 in West Africa; died 25 June 1792 in Freetown, Sierra Leone). During the American Revolution, Peters escaped enslavement and joined the Black Pioneers, a unit of the British army. After the war, he and thousands of other Black Loyalists were transported to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Peters became a spokesperson for Black Loyalists, who were frustrated that they hadn’t received the provisions and land promised by British officials. He eventually helped recruit Black settlers for the West African colony of Sierra Leone, where he died in 1792.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/be13527b-b76d-408a-afca-30acbd4f7bfc.png Thomas Peters

  • Article

    Early Inuit (Thule) Winter House

    The early Inuit (Thule) were an Indigenous people who began to occupy the Arctic, from Alaska to Greenland, around 1000 CE. In the winter, the early Inuit used a house built partially into the ground to keep them warm for long periods of time. One striking feature of this structure was the roof, which was sometimes made of whalebone. (See also Architectural History of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/ThuleHouse.jpg Early Inuit (Thule) Winter House

  • Article

    Tilly Rolston

    Tilly Jean Rolston, Canadian politician (born 23 February 1887 in Vancouver, BC; died 12 October 1953 in Vancouver, BC). Rolston was best known for her service as education minister for the province of British Columbia in the Social Credit government of W.A.C. Bennett in the early 1950s. She has the distinction of being the second woman cabinet minister elected in that province, but the first with a portfolio in all of Canada. Rolston was instrumental in developing a new financing formula for the funding of BC’s public schools, and also instituted the province’s first sex education curriculum. She is noted for being the first woman in British Columbia to receive a state funeral upon her death. 

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/TillyRolston/TillyRolston2.jpg Tilly Rolston

  • Article

    Tlicho (Dogrib)

    Tlicho (Tłı̨chǫ), also known as Dogrib, are an Indigenous people in Canada. They fall within the broader designation of Dene, who are Indigenous peoples of the widespread Athapaskan (or Athabascan) language family. Their name for themselves is Doné, meaning "the People." To distinguish themselves from their Dene neighbours, including the Denesuline,  Slavey, Sahtu Got'ine and K'asho Got'ine, they have come to identify themselves as Tlicho, a Cree word meaning “dog's rib,” referring to a creation story. In 2005, the Tlicho Agreement, which saw the Tlicho gain control of 39,000 km2 of their traditional lands, became the first combined self-government agreement and comprehensive land claim in the Northwest Territories. According to the Northwest Territories Bureau of Statistics (2019), the population of the Tlicho region of the territory was 2,983.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/Tłı̨chǫ_girls-1.jpg Tlicho (Dogrib)

  • Article

    Together Today for Our Children Tomorrow

    Together Today for Our Children Tomorrow was a document that set out land claim grievances in Yukon and recommended an approach to settlement. The Council of Yukon Indians, the organization that authored the document, presented it to then Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau in Ottawa on 14 February 1973. The document told the story of traditional Indigenous ways in the territory. It chronicles ways in which life changed with the arrival of the “Whiteman.” It identifies some of the contemporary challenges the local First Nations faced at the time. Additionally, it proposes solutions and offers a roadmap forward. Finally, it sets out a vision for the future that sees control and authority for decision-making returned to the First Nations of the territory. Fifty years later, it continues to be a guiding force for First Nation and non-First Nation Yukoners. It promotes “walking together down the same road.” In other words, it suggests participating equitably as partners in the fabric and governance of Yukon society.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/TCE_placeholder.png Together Today for Our Children Tomorrow

  • Article

    Tommy Prince

    Thomas George Prince, war hero, Indigenous advocate (born 25 October 1915 in Petersfield, MB; died 25 November 1977 in Winnipeg, MB). Tommy Prince of the Brokenhead Ojibway Nation is one of the most-decorated Indigenous war veterans in Canada, having been awarded a total of 11 medals for his service in the Second World War and the Korean War. When he died, he was honoured at his funeral by his First Nation, the province of Manitoba, Canada and the governments of France, Italy and the United States. ( See also Indigenous Peoples and the World Wars.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/807e5d85-0d60-4180-8400-b1badabf3486.jpg Tommy Prince

  • Article

    Tookoolito

    Tookoolito, also known as Hannah and Taqulittuq (born in 1838 near Cumberland Sound, NU; died 31 December 1876 in Groton, Connecticut), Inuk translator and guide to American explorer Charles Francis Hall. Tookoolito and her husband, Ebierbing (traditionally spelt Ipiirvik), were well-known Inuit explorers of the 19th century who significantly contributed to non-Inuit’s knowledge of the North. The Government of Canada has recognized Tookoolito and Ebierbing as National Historic Persons.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/e04550ef-5ab9-4ff6-89e7-d5d42a2e1b8c.jpg Tookoolito

  • Article

    Toquaht

    The Toquaht (“people of the narrow beach”) are a Nuu-chah-nulth nation residing in western Barkley Sound, near the town of Ucluelet, on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Toquaht First Nation is currently self-governing under the Maa-nulth treaty.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/eb9c5952-1797-40ce-935b-caa1f64feaf7.jpg Toquaht

  • Article

    Toronto Chinatown

    Toronto’s Chinatown, one of the largest in North America, is an ever-evolving neighbourhood defined by numerous cohorts of Chinese immigrants with a diversity of culture, traditions and languages. (See Chinese Canadians.) Also known as Chinatown West, it is one of three Chinatowns in Toronto, more of the large Chinese settlements are included from the inner suburbs, like Scarborough and North York, and outer suburbs, like Markham, Mississauga and Richmond Hill.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/Lou_Manning-Chinatown_East-Gateway_with permission.JPG Toronto Chinatown