History | The Canadian Encyclopedia

Browse "History"

Displaying 316-330 of 833 results

  • Article

    Internment in Canada

    Internment is the forcible confinement or detention of a person during wartime. Large-scale internment operations were carried out by the Canadian government during the First World War and the Second World War. In both cases, the War Measures Act was invoked. This gave the government the authority to deny people’s civil liberties, notably habeas corpus (the right to a fair trial before detention). People were held in camps across the country. More than 8,500 people were interned during the First World War and as many as 24,000 during the Second World War — including some 12,000 Japanese Canadians.

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/2913948d-0dc6-4142-807e-5206fce81700.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/2913948d-0dc6-4142-807e-5206fce81700.jpg Internment in Canada

  • Article

    Internment of Japanese Canadians

    The forcible expulsion and confinement of Japanese Canadians during the Second World War is one of the most tragic sets of events in Canada’s history. Some 21,000 Japanese Canadians were taken from their homes on Canada’s West Coast, without any charge or due process. Beginning 24 February 1942, around 12,000 of them were exiled to remote areas of British Columbia and elsewhere. The federal government stripped them of their property and pressured many of them to accept mass deportation after the war. Those who remained were not allowed to return to the West Coast until 1 April 1949. In 1988, the federal government officially apologized for its treatment of Japanese Canadians. A redress payment of $21,000 was made to each survivor, and more than $12 million was allocated to a community fund and human rights projects.This article is the full-length text on Japanese Internment in Canada. For a plain-language summary, see Internment of Japanese Canadians (Plain-Language Summary).

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/0bec6156-0467-4a97-909f-da599383381d.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/0bec6156-0467-4a97-909f-da599383381d.jpg Internment of Japanese Canadians

  • Article

    Inuit Experiences at Residential School

    Residential schools were government-sponsored religious schools created to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture. Schools in the North were run by missionaries for nearly a century before the federal government began to open new, so-called modern institutions in the 1950s. This was less than a decade after a Special Joint Committee (see Indigenous Suffrage) found that the system was ineffectual. The committee’s recommendations led to the eventual closure of residential schools across the country. 

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/InuitResidentialSchool/Inuit-Residenital-School (Library and Archives Canada_PA-042133).jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/InuitResidentialSchool/Inuit-Residenital-School (Library and Archives Canada_PA-042133).jpg Inuit Experiences at Residential School

  • Article

    Inuit High Arctic Relocations in Canada

    In 1953 and 1955, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, acting as representatives of the Department of Resources and Development, moved approximately 92 Inuit from Inukjuak, formerly called Port Harrison, in Northern Quebec, and Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet), in what is now Nunavut, to settle two locations on the High Arctic islands. It has been argued that the Government of Canada ordered the relocations to establish Canadian sovereignty in the Arctic, and proposed to Inuit the move, promising improved living conditions. The Inuit were assured plentiful wildlife, but soon discovered that they had been misled, and endured hardships. The effects have lingered for generations. The Inuit High Arctic relocations are often referred to as a “dark chapter” in Canadian history, and an example of how the federal government forced changes that fundamentally affected (and continue to affect) Inuit lives.

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/72b158ab-21db-4572-9fec-db8a9548c9cf.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/72b158ab-21db-4572-9fec-db8a9548c9cf.jpg Inuit High Arctic Relocations in Canada

  • Article

    Ipperwash Crisis

    The Ipperwash Crisis took place in 1995 on land in and around Ontario’s Ipperwash Provincial Park, which was claimed by the Kettle and Stony Point First Nation. The underlying cause of the crisis was the appropriation of the Stoney Point Reserve in 1942 by the federal government for use as a military camp. After repeated requests for the land to be returned, members of the Stony Point First Nation occupied the camp in 1993 and in 1995. On 4 September 1995 protesters also occupied Ipperwash Provincial Park nearby. Tension between the protesters and the OPP increased, resulting in a confrontation on 6 September 1995 during which Dudley George, an Ojibwa protestor, was killed.

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/bcf04d96-a331-4532-bed5-98ee62f4034e.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/bcf04d96-a331-4532-bed5-98ee62f4034e.jpg Ipperwash Crisis

  • Article

    Iroquois Wars

    The Iroquois Wars, also known as the Beaver Wars and the French and Iroquois Wars, were a series of 17th-century conflicts involving the Haudenosaunee Confederacy (also known as the Iroquois or Five Nations, then including the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca), numerous other First Nations, and French colonial forces. The origins of the wars lay in the competitive fur trade. In about 1640, the Haudenosaunee began a campaign to increase their territorial holdings and access to animals like beaver and deer. Hostilities continued until 1701, when the Haudenosaunee agreed to a peace treaty with the French. The wars represent the intense struggle for control over resources in the early colonial period and resulted in the permanent dispersal or destruction of several First Nations in the Eastern Woodlands.

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/596cf750-11c8-4462-a70d-9aa0a300bd42.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/596cf750-11c8-4462-a70d-9aa0a300bd42.jpg Iroquois Wars

  • Article

    Canada and the Italian Campaign

    Canada’s longest Second World War army campaign was in Italy. Canadian forces served in the heat, snow and mud of the grinding, nearly two-year Allied battle across Sicily and up the Italian peninsula—prying the country from Germany's grip, at a cost of more than 26,000 Canadian casualties.

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/b953ce91-4743-48e3-a180-ffe7c2816954.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/b953ce91-4743-48e3-a180-ffe7c2816954.jpg Canada and the Italian Campaign

  • Editorial

    Japanese Canadian Internment: Prisoners in their own Country

    Beginning in early 1942, the Canadian government detained and dispossessed more than 90 per cent of Japanese Canadians, some 21,000 people, living in British Columbia. They were detained under the War Measures Act and were interned for the rest of the Second World War. Their homes and businesses were sold by the government to pay for their detention. In 1988, Prime Minister  Brian Mulroney apologized on behalf of the Canadian government for the wrongs it committed against Japanese Canadians. The government also made symbolic redress payments and repealed the War Measures Act.

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/c61c85b5-d92f-44a0-8602-7e2c38458873.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/c61c85b5-d92f-44a0-8602-7e2c38458873.jpg Japanese Canadian Internment: Prisoners in their own Country

  • Article

    John Collins' Purchase

    John Collins’ Purchase of 1785 is one of the oldest land agreements between Indigenous peoples and British authorities in Upper Canada (later Ontario). It concerned the use of lands extending from the northwestern end of Lake Simcoe to Matchedash Bay, an inlet off Georgian Bay in Lake Huron. The purpose was to provide the British with a protected inland water route between Lake Ontario and Lake Huron, away from potential American interference. This passage was necessary for trade and the resupply of British western outposts. John Collins’ Purchase is one of many agreements made during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, known as the Upper Canada Land Surrenders.

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/UCLS/345446e9-d0d1-4626-9702-e214ca87a8a7.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/UCLS/345446e9-d0d1-4626-9702-e214ca87a8a7.jpg John Collins' Purchase

  • Article

    Johnson-Butler Purchase

    The Johnson-Butler Purchase of 1787–88 (also known as the “Gunshot Treaty,” referring to the distance a person could hear a gunshot from the lake’s edge) is one of the earliest land agreements between representatives of the Crown and the Indigenous peoples of Upper Canada (later Ontario). It resulted in a large tract of territory along the central north shore of Lake Ontario being opened for settlement. These lands became part of the Williams Treaties of 1923. (See also Upper Canada Land Surrenders and Treaties with Indigenous Peoples in Canada.)

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/UCLS/345446e9-d0d1-4626-9702-e214ca87a8a7.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/UCLS/345446e9-d0d1-4626-9702-e214ca87a8a7.jpg Johnson-Butler Purchase

  • Article

    Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

    The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is a board of the British Privy Council. It was formed in 1833. In 1844, it was given jurisdiction over all of Britain’s colonial courts. People who had been judges in high courts in Britain served on the Judicial Committee, along with a sprinkling of judges from the Commonwealth. Their decisions were often criticized for favouring provincial powers over federal authority, especially in fields such as trade and commerce. The Judicial Committee served as the court of final appeal for Canada until 1949, when that role was given to the Supreme Court of Canada.  

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/7ac02b0f-118b-4ccb-b6dc-81f218b68954.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/7ac02b0f-118b-4ccb-b6dc-81f218b68954.jpg Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

  • Editorial

    Juno Beach: Day of Courage

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. The Canadian landings on the Juno Beach Sector of the Normandy coast were one of the most successful operations carried out on D-Day, 6 June 1944.

    "https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/f6f8902f-029b-4666-8ab3-5ccd0711dda3.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/f6f8902f-029b-4666-8ab3-5ccd0711dda3.jpg Juno Beach: Day of Courage

  • Article

    Karluk

    The Karluk was trapped by ice in the Beaufort Sea 300 km short of the planned base, HERSCHEL ISLAND. While Stefansson was away hunting seals, the weather changed and the ship was carried westward towards Siberia for 4 months until crushed by ice.

    "https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Karluk

  • Macleans

    Kennedy Jr. Buried at Sea

    This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on August 2, 1999. Partner content is not updated. As they waited last week for the inevitable confirmation that the most famous son of their fabled political dynasty was in fact gone, Americans were drawn to places with a special connection to the Kennedy family.

    "https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Kennedy Jr. Buried at Sea

  • Macleans

    Kennedy Profiles in Tragedy

    For Rory Elizabeth Katherine Kennedy, Saturday, July 17, was going to be a glorious day. In Hyannisport, Mass.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on July 26, 1999

    "https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.php
    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Kennedy Profiles in Tragedy