Things | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Macleans

    Lewinsky Tells Her Story

    Every Barbara Walters celebrity interview has a signature moment, the one where the interviewee's lower lip trembles and the tears start to flow. Devotees of the form were heartened to see that her televised session with Monica Lewinsky was no exception.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on March 15, 1999

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  • Macleans

    Lewinsky Testifies

    Monica Beach, as the tiny little strand of concrete park across from Washington's E. Barrett Prettyman Courthouse has come to be known, was packed to overflowing in honor of its namesake.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on August 17, 1998

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  • Article

    Canada’s Cold War Purge of LGBTQ2 from Public Service

    Between the 1950s and the 1990s, the Canadian government responded to national security concerns generated by Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union by spying on, exposing and removing suspected LGBTQ2 individuals from the federal public service and the Canadian Armed Forces. They were cast as social and political subversives and seen as targets for blackmail by communist regimes seeking classified information. These characterizations were justified by arguments that people who engaged in same-sex relations suffered from a “character weakness” and had something to hide because their sexuality was considered a taboo and, under certain circumstances, was illegal. As a result, the RCMP investigated large numbers of people. Many of them were fired, demoted or forced to resign — even if they had no access to security information. These measures were kept out of public view to prevent scandal and to keep counter-espionage operations under wraps. In 2017, the federal government issued an official apology for its discriminatory actions and policies, along with a $145-million compensation package.

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  • Article

    Liberal Arts Education

     Current theories of liberal arts education entail opposing notions of selfhood and institutional relevance. To Robert E.

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  • Article

    Liberal Party

    The Liberal Party has dominated federal politics for much of Canada’s history, using the formula for success of straddling the political center developed under the leadership of Sir Wilfrid Laurier. Liberals have formed numerous governments and provided Canada with 10 prime ministers, but the party has also experienced defeat and internal divisions. In the election of October 2015, the party rose from third to first place in the House of Commons, winning a majority government under leader Justin Trudeau. The Liberals won a minority government in the 2019 election.

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  • Article

    Liberalism

    Long before the political label was coined in 19th-century Spain, liberalism existed as a body of thought dedicated to the proposition that the individual is the unit of supreme value in society.

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  • Article

    Liberation of the Netherlands

    In the final months of the Second World War, Canadian forces were given the important and deadly task of liberating the Netherlands from Nazi occupation. From September 1944 to April 1945, the First Canadian Army fought German forces on the Scheldt estuary — opening the port of Antwerp for Allied use — and then cleared northern and western Netherlands of Germans, allowing food and other relief to reach millions of desperate people. More than 7,600 Canadian soldiers, sailors and airmen died fighting in the Netherlands. Today, Canada is fondly remembered by the Dutch for ending their oppression under the Nazis.

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  • Article

    Libertarianism in Canada

    Libertarianism is a political philosophy (or group of political philosophies). For libertarians, individual freedom is a core political value. Thus, individuals should be free to act as they want, as long as their actions do not interfere with the liberty and rights of others.

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  • Article

    Libraries

    The earliest libraries in Canada were private collections belonging to immigrants from Europe. The first known library belonged to Marc Lescarbot, a scholar and advocate who came to Port-Royal in 1606.

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  • Article

    Music at the Library and Archives Canada

    Library and Archives Canada. Federal government department established in 2004; formerly National Library of Canada and Public (later National) Archives of Canada.

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  • Article

    Library and Information Science

    Library and Information Science, which encompasses all aspects of information management and library operations, is an organized graduate course of studies taught at the university level and producing practitioners with a recognized professional qualification.

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  • Article

    Library of Parliament

    The Library of Parliament came into being when the legislative libraries of Upper and Lower Canada were amalgamated in 1841 and situated in Montréal. In 1849 only 200 of the 12,000 books were saved when an angry mob protesting the Rebellion Losses Bill set fire to the Parliament Buildings.

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  • Article

    Lichen

    Lichen is a dual organism composed of fungi living in close association with green algae or Cyanobacteria. As composite organisms, they cannot be formally classified within a single kingdom. Names applied to lichens are those of the fungal component of the association because, with few exceptions, each recognizable lichen is the product of a different species of "lichen fungus." However, the algal species involved in the lichen consortium might be found in a number of different lichens.

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  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governor

    The lieutenant-governor combines the monarchical and the federal principle in provincial governments. Although the lieutenant-governor is appointed by the Governor General on the prime minister's advice, in the words of an 1892 decision by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, a lieutenant-governor "is as much the representative of Her Majesty, for all purposes of provincial government, as the Governor-General himself is for all purposes of Dominion Government."

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  • Article

    Lieutenant-Governors of BC

    For more information on provincial politics see: British Columbia. Lieutenant-Governor Term ​Janet Austin ​2018-present Judith Guichon 2012-18 Steven Point 2007-12 Iona V. Campagnolo 2001-07 Garde Gardom 1995-2001 David See-Chai Lam 1988-95 Robert Gordon Rogers 1983-88 Henry Pybus Bell-Irving 1978-83 Walter Stewart Owen 1973-78 John Robert Nicholson 1968-73 George Randolph Pearkes 1960-68 Frank MacKenzie Ross 1955-60 Clarence Wallace 1950-55 Charles Arthur Banks 1946-50 William Culham Woodward 1941-46 Eric Werge Hamber 1936-41 John William Johnson 1931-36 Robert...

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