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  • Editorial

    The "Other" Métis

    In the interest of promoting a better understanding of the complex issue of Métis identity and how it is defined, The Canadian Encyclopedia has commissioned two opinion pieces exploring different perspectives on the topic. This article explores Métis identity from the perspective of Métis who do not have ancestral ties to the Red River Settlement. For another perspective on Métis identity, see Métis Are a People, Not a Historical Process. 

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/d5acb8a6-e170-4297-9cbf-a570c7237db3.jpg The "Other" Métis

  • Editorial

    Montcalm, Wolfe and the memory of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/30d46f28-8fea-44c4-9c87-e552ab723c5c.jpg Montcalm, Wolfe and the memory of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham

  • Article

    The Politics of Cultural Accommodation: Baldwin, LaFontaine and Responsible Government

    One of the great, unheralded events in Canadian history took place in September 1841 at an annual feast and ceremony of Illumination at Sharon Temple, meeting place for the Children of Peace.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/Responsible government.png The Politics of Cultural Accommodation: Baldwin, LaFontaine and Responsible Government

  • Article

    The Principall Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation

    The Principall Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation was written by Richard Hakluyt (c 1552-1616). A passionate enthusiast of trade and colonization, convinced that English navigators "excelled all ...

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 The Principall Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation

  • Article

    The Provincial Freeman

    In 1959, an article in the Journal of Negro History announced the discovery of copies of a weekly newspaper long believed lost to history. A sizeable print run of a dust-covered bound volume of The Provincial Freeman, which was published from 1853 to 1860, had been sitting in the library tower at the University of Pennsylvania since the early 1900s. What made this newspaper unique was not just that it was the second paper run by and for African Canadians. It made history as the first newspaper in North America to be published and edited by a Black woman, Mary Ann Shadd.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/c66e93b7-de62-464f-8023-84993b922ccb.jpg The Provincial Freeman

  • Article

    The Quebec Act, 1774 (Plain-Language Summary)

    In 1759, the British defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham. Soon after, the British took control of Quebec (see also The Conquest of New France.) The Quebec Act of 1774 was passed to gain the loyalty of the French who lived in the Province of Quebec. The Act had serious consequences for Britain’s North American empire. The Quebec Act was one of the direct causes of the American Revolution. (This article is a plain-language summary of The Quebec Act, 1774. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry on The Quebec Act, 1774.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/bcf0dcc3-ce34-4098-8543-00bcccbaabe0.jpg The Quebec Act, 1774 (Plain-Language Summary)

  • Macleans

    The Recession That Saved Christmas

    You'd have to go back in Audrey and Owen Freeman's lives to the Christmas of 1964 to find a time such as this - when bleak circumstances should doom the spirit of the season to wander lost in a fog of loneliness, dislocation and worry. It was their second Christmas together.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on January 5, 2009

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 The Recession That Saved Christmas

  • Editorial

    The Road to Inclusion: Transgender Health Care in Canada

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/24478bd6-f253-477b-9a25-5061605c986c.jpg The Road to Inclusion: Transgender Health Care in Canada

  • Article

    The Royal 22e Régiment

    The Royal 22e Régiment (R22eR) is one of the three infantry regiments of the Canadian Regular Force (see Canadian Armed Forces). It is a francophone regiment made up of five battalions, of which three belong to the Regular Force and two to the Reserve Force. In 2014, the R22eR celebrated its 100th anniversary. Its headquarters are at the Citadelle de Québec. The regiment has participated in all of Canada’s major military engagements since the First World War, including the United Nations peace missions and the campaign in Afghanistan.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/R22eR/R22eR_in_Korea.jpg The Royal 22e Régiment

  • Article

    The Royal Canadian Dragoons

    The Royal Canadian Dragoons (RCD) is the senior of three regular armoured regiments in the Canadian Army. The regiment was established in 1883 as a cavalry unit. Since then, it has served in major conflicts at home and overseas, including the North-West Rebellion, Boer War, First and Second World Wars and, more recently, the war in Afghanistan. The Dragoons have also served in peace operations in Egypt, Cyprus, Somalia and the Balkans. The regiment has been based at CFB Petawawa, Ontario, since 1987. It is currently part of 2nd Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, 4th Canadian Division. A detached squadron serves at CFB Gagetown, New Brunswick.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/Dragoons/Dragoons_1891.jpg The Royal Canadian Dragoons

  • Article

    The Battle of York

    A crushing defeat for the British in the War of 1812, the sacking of York began on the morning of 27 April 1813. At dawn, a flotilla of 16 American ships under Commodore Isaac Chauncey made its way to the capital of Upper Canada, York [Toronto]. Landing to the west, the Americans suppressed the small group of warriors defending the shore, while knocking out the town's meagre batteries. The American force of approximately 1,700 men easily assumed control. With the fort poorly defended by an undersized garrison of 700 soldiers and backed by an unenthusiastic (indeed, almost wholly absent) militia, the British general, Sir Roger Hale Sheaffe, retreated. He left behind two local militia officers to negotiate the terms of surrender.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/SirIsaacBrockShip.jpg The Battle of York

  • Article

    Seven Years’ War (Plain-Language Summary)

    The Seven Years’ War (1756–63) was the first global war. In North America, Britain and France fought each other with the help of Indigenous allies. At the end of the war, France gave Canada (Quebec) and Ile Royale (Cape Breton) to Britain, among other territories. This is the reason that Canada has a British monarch but three founding peoples — French, British and Indigenous. (This article is a plain-language summary of the Seven Years’ War. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry Seven Years’ War.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/JamesWolfe/Benjamin_West_DeathofGeneralWolfe.jpg Seven Years’ War (Plain-Language Summary)

  • Article

    The Sheepdogs

    Saskatoon blues rockers the Sheepdogs were plucked from obscurity in 2011 when they won a Rolling Stone contest. On 18 August 2011, they became the first unsigned band ever featured on the cover of the famed music magazine. The Sheepdogs have since released seven studio albums and won four Juno Awards, including New Group of the Year, Single of the Year and Rock Album of the Year in 2012. They have had two platinum albums and two platinum singles (“I Don’t Know” and “Feeling Good”) in Canada.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/5903251013_19c82ef745_o.jpg The Sheepdogs

  • Article

    Shelburne Race Riots

    On 26 July 1784, a mob of Loyalist settlers stormed the home of a Black preacher in Shelburne, Nova Scotia. They were armed with hooks and chains seized from ships in the harbour. The confrontation ignited a wave of violence in Shelburne County that lasted approximately 10 days. The majority of the attacks targeted the county’s free Black population. The Shelburne Riot has been described as the first race riot in North America. (See also British North America.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/be13527b-b76d-408a-afca-30acbd4f7bfc.png Shelburne Race Riots

  • Macleans

    The sick day scam

    Costly sick-day banks and chronic absenteeism. It’s time to rein in this public sector perk.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on July 8, 2013

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 The sick day scam