Russian Canadian History and Settlement

1899

 

7,500 Doukhobors Settle in Canada

Doukhobors were a persecuted religious minority in Russia. They were pacifists and also rejected the Tsarist government and the Orthodox Church. Doukhobor immigration to Canada was assisted by people who opposed the persecution they faced. British and American Quakers, anarchists, Canadian interior minister Clifford Sifton and even Leo Tolstoy all played a role in assisting about 7,500 Doukhobors to emigrate to Canada around the turn of the 20th century. Many settled in Saskatchewan.

1908

 

Peter Verigin establishes Doukhobor community in BC

When they first immigrated to Canada, Russian Doukhobors lived communally in Saskatchewan. However, in the early 1900s, the Canadian government changed homesteading regulations. No longer were the Doukhobors allowed to collectively own their land. In addition, when asked to pledge an oath of allegiance to the Crown — a condition for the final granting of homestead titles — the Doukhobors refused and their homestead entries were cancelled. As a result, in 1908, 5,000 to 6,000 Doukhobors followed their leader, Peter Verigin, to southern British Columbia. Here they lived on land held under Verigin’s name.

March 1922

 

Immigrants Return to the Soviet Union

In the 1920s, hundreds of Ukrainian and Russian immigrant workers, including many Doukhobors, returned home. In March 1922, a group made the journey back home from New York. They were answering a call from the communist government to support the new nation. Some were members of agricultural communes who were recruited in Canada to help kick-start the Soviet Union’s economy.

1924

 

Boris Babkin Appointed Professor at Dalhousie University

Like many Russian intellectuals and academics, Boris Babkin (1877–1950) fled his home after the revolution and subsequent civil war. Babkin notably resumed his career in gastroenterology (medicine of the digestive system) at Dalhousie and McGill universities. Though there were concerns about spreading communism, Russian intellectuals contributed important work in many professional and academic fields.

October 29, 1924

 

Peter Verigin Assassinated

Doukhobor leader, Peter Verigin, died along with several others in a mysterious train explosion. Many believe it was a targeted assassination.

1928

 

George Ignatieff Arrives in Canada

Count Paul Ignatieff was the last education minister in the government of Tsar Nicholas II. His four sons, including George Ignatieff, arrived in Canada in 1928. George would later become an important Canadian diplomat, acting as Canadian ambassador to the United Nations and to the UN Security Council.

1931

 

Paraskeva Clark Immigrates

Paraskeva Clark lived through the Russian Revolution and subsequent civil war before she left for Paris. There, she met a Canadian accountant and eventually immigrated to Canada in 1931. Like many artists who moved to Canada, her upbringing and artistic tradition helped transform Canadian arts and culture. Clark rejected the landscapes that had become popularized in Canada thanks to the Group of Seven. Instead, early on, she pursued portraits and still lifes, often featuring strong women.

1937

 

Russian Canadians Join the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion

A small number of Russian Canadians joined more than 1,500 Canadians of diverse backgrounds who fought against Francisco Franco’s nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War. From 1937 onwards, they fought together against fascism under the banner of the Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion. Their fighting actions were not supported by the Canadian government.

1942

 

Federation of Russian Canadians Established

Like many immigrant communities in Canada, Russian immigrants founded associations across Canada to provide communal support networks. Left-leaning Russian farmer-worker clubs were popular in Canada in the 1930s. These clubs drew the suspicion of the Canadian government, which eventually ordered them closed. After the Soviet Union joined the Allies to fight Hitler, the Federation of Russian Canadians reappeared in 1942. At its height, the group had its own national newspaper, 15 branches across the country and over 4,000 members.

September 05, 1945

 

Igor Gouzenko Defects to Canada

Igor Gouzenko was a Soviet intelligence officer working at the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa. He knew that the Soviet embassy spied on its allies ― including Canada. Choosing to defect to Canada, he stole documents from the embassy. The evidence he provided proved the existence of a spy ring among Canadian communists. The Canadian government eventually took him in and moved him and his family to Camp X, a top-secret spy training school near Whitby, Ontario. Some claim Gouzenko’s defection marks the beginning of the Cold War.

1948

 

Russian Immigration Increases after Second World War

Russian immigration to Canada noticeably increased after the Second World War, though not from Russia directly. Many new Russian immigrants came from other European countries where they had settled after the Russian Revolution. They left for Canada looking for a better life after the Second World War. 

June 10, 1948

 

Grand Duchess Olga Arrives in Montreal

One prominent Russian who came to Canada after the Second World War is Grand Duchess Olga, the sister of Tsar Nicholas II. Olga made her way to Canada on the Empress of Canada, a Canadian Pacific steamship. She eventually settled on a farm near Milton, Ontario, with her family, where she also painted watercolours.

1950

 

Russian-Canadian Cultural Aid Society Established

The Russian-Canadian Cultural Aid Society was founded in Toronto in 1950. Unlike earlier Russian Canadian organizations, the RCCAS was vehemently anti-Communist. It reflected the politics of recent émigrés, as well as attitudes in Canada. The RCCAS sought to promote and preserve Russian culture and traditions in Canada. It also assisted Russian immigrants to integrate into Canadian society.

1953

 

Sophie-Carmen Eckhardt-Gramatté Settles in Winnipeg

Sophie-Carmen Eckhardt-Gramatté was a Russian-born artistic luminary who left an important mark on Canadian culture and society. After leaving Russia and living in several European countries, she came to Winnipeg in 1953 with her husband. She created the Manitoba Symphony and the Symphony-Concerto for Piano and Orchestra to mark the respective centennials of Manitoba and Canada.

1957

 

RCMP Removes Children from the Sons of Freedom Movement

The Sons of Freedom were an extreme sect of the Doukhobors. They refused any involvement with the state whatsoever, including registering births and deaths. They also resisted sending any of their children to school. In the mid-1950s, British Columbia took children away from the movement. Authorities sent them to a residential school. Children were harshly treated and prohibited from speaking Russian, the only language they knew. Years later, these children sought compensation for their treatment by the government.

1969

 

Canadian Jews Fight to Support Refuseniks

In the 1970s and 1980s, Canadian Jews protested against Soviet officials’ ban on emigration. Canadian Jews organized efforts to support Jews in the Soviet Union who wished to leave. The latter were considered pariahs for trying to leave. Eventually, some Russian-speaking Soviet Jews who made it to Israel then migrated to Canada.

1973

 

Old Believers Sect Immigrates to Alberta

The Old Believers are a sect of the Russian Orthodox community. They follow the ancient traditions and beliefs introduced to Rus (medieval Russia, Belarus and Ukraine) by the Greeks of Byzantium. Like the Doukhobors who came before them, the Old Believers sought refuge in Canada, fleeing persecution for their religious beliefs. They established small agricultural communities in Northern Alberta in the mid-1970s.

1991

 

Soviet Jews Immigrate as Soviet Union Collapses

There was an effective ban on emigration from the Soviet Union beginning in the 1920s and lasting until the country’s dissolution in 1991. As the USSR began to collapse in the mid-1980s, emigration policies began to ease. Faced with anti-Semitism, Russian-speaking Soviet Jews began to emigrate in large numbers to various countries, including Canada. By 1996, about 20,000 Jewish people from the former Soviet Union lived in Canada. They settled mainly in Montreal and Toronto, cities that had large Russian and Jewish populations.

December 10, 2008

 

Michael Ignatieff Becomes Liberal Party Leader

Michael Ignatieff, the grandson of Count Paul Ignatieff, who was the last education minister under Tsar Nicholas II, is one of the most prominent Russian Canadians of all time. He led the Liberal Party of Canada from 2008 to 2011, when it formed the official opposition. Ignatieff had a long and distinguished career across much of the English-speaking world as a history professor and journalist.