Browse "Communities & Sociology"

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  • Article

    Chinese Head Tax in Canada

    The Chinese head tax was enacted to restrict immigration after Chinese labour was no longer needed to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. Between 1885 and 1923, Chinese immigrants had to pay a head tax to enter Canada. The tax was levied under the Chinese Immigration Act (1885). It was the first legislation in Canadian history to exclude immigration on the basis of ethnic background. With few exceptions, Chinese people had to pay at least $50 to come to Canada. The tax was later raised to $100, then to $500. During the 38 years the tax was in effect, around 82,000 Chinese immigrants paid nearly $23 million in tax. The head tax was removed with the passing of the Chinese Immigration Act in 1923. Also known as the Chinese Exclusion Act, it banned all Chinese immigrants until its repeal in 1947. In 2006, the federal government apologized for the head tax and its other racist immigration policies targeting Chinese people. This is the full-length entry about the Chinese Head Tax. For a plain-language summary, please see Chinese Head Tax in Canada (Plain-Language Summary).

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/876dbb1e-74e3-4cfe-b961-a6d31d296fd6.jpg Chinese Head Tax in Canada

  • Article

    Chinese Immigration Act

    The Chinese Immigration Act of 1923, known also as the Chinese Exclusion Act, banned the entry of virtually all Chinese immigrants for 24 years. Although migration into Canada from most countries was controlled or restricted in some way, only Chinese people were singled out completely from entering on the basis of race. The four exceptions to the exclusion were students, merchants (excluding laundry, restaurant and retail operators), diplomats and Canadian-born Chinese returning from education in China. The limit on absence from Canada was two years, and the consequence for not returning on time was being barred re-entry. Additionally, every person of Chinese descent, whether Canadian-born or naturalized, was required to register for an identity card within 12 months. The penalty for noncompliance was imprisonment or a fine of up to $500. Though the Act was repealed in 1947, immigration restrictions on the basis of race and national origin were not fully scrubbed until 1967.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/d0c5f1d6-6030-4a96-900c-3efed6463116.jpg Chinese Immigration Act

  • Article

    Lunar New Year in Canada

    The Lunar New Year — also known as the Spring Festival, Chinese New Year, Tet for Vietnamese Canadians, or Solnal for Korean Canadians — is celebrated in Canada and several other countries. It is one of the largest celebrations for Canada’s Chinese population, it is also celebrated by Canadians from Vietnam, Korea and Southeast Asia. Although it is not a statutory holiday in Canada, many Asian Canadian businesses are closed or have reduced hours for the occasion. Since 1 June 2016, this celebration has been recognized as an official holiday in Canada.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/e1474526-547c-47b7-90e4-afda069c28bf.jpg Lunar New Year in Canada

  • Article

    Denesuline (Chipewyan)

    The Denesuline (also known as Chipewyan) are Indigenous Peoples in the Subarctic region of Canada, with communities in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories. The Denesuline are Dene, and share many cultural and linguistic similarities with neighbouring Dene communities. The 2021 census reported that 4,815 people claimed to be of Denesuline ancestry. However, the registered population of Denesuline First Nations may be higher. Denesuline are closely associated with other Dene groups as well as northern Cree and Métis, who may share their communities and also speak Denesuline. As such, population and language numbers are approximations.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/d042a7cd-8095-4a4a-b112-ef4791bf04c6.jpg Denesuline (Chipewyan)

  • Article

    Chloe Cooley

    Chloe Cooley was one of hundreds of Black women enslaved in the French and British colonies that became Canada. Although little is known about Chloe Cooley, who was enslaved in Upper Canada, her struggles against her enslaver, Sergeant Adam Vrooman, precipitated the Act to Limit Slavery in Upper Canada of 1793. The Act was the first legislation in the British colonies to restrict the slave trade. (See also Black Enslavement in Canada.) Click here for definitions of key terms used in this article.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/22ace4cd-cd9c-4de9-b8dd-db1ad6c4a64b.jpg Chloe Cooley

  • Macleans

    Chrétien Promises to Help Aboriginals

    Jean CHRÉTIEN has always looked back at his six years as minister of INDIAN affairs with an equal measure of fondness and something resembling regret. He has called his work from 1968 to 1974 among the most satisfying of his career.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on October 14, 2002

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Chrétien Promises to Help Aboriginals

  • Article

    Christa Deguchi

    Christa Deguchi, judoka (born 29 October 1995 in Nagano, Japan). Canada’s most successful female judoka, Christa Deguchi is the first Canadian to win a gold medal at the World Judo Championships. The Japanese Canadian won gold in the women’s 57 kg weight class at the 2019 World Judo Championships and again in 2023. Deguchi has won 11 gold medals at International Judo Federation (IJF) Grand Slam events, along with four silver and two bronze. At the 2024 Olympic Summer Games in Paris, she won Canada’s first Olympic gold medal in judo.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/Christa_Deguchi_2020.jpg Christa Deguchi

  • Article

    Christadelphians

    Christadelphians, Protestant movement founded in 1844 by John Thomas in Richmond, Va. It grew out of the Campbellite movement (originally associated with the CHRISTIAN CHURCH), but its adherents are nontrinitarian, deny the immortal soul doctrine and do not believe in a personal devil.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Christadelphians

  • Article

    Christian Religious Communities in Canada

    Christian religious communities are groups of people who have chosen to devote their lives to the work of their respective churches. The first Christian religious communities in what is now Canada were established in New France. In the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS), 22,102,745 Canadians identified as Christian. The majority of that number, 12,810,705 people, identify as Catholic. 

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/08deff50-6a3a-4687-8f30-5a0c2c7c2da2.jpg Christian Religious Communities in Canada

  • Article

    Christie Blatchford

    Christie Blatchford, journalist, newspaper columnist, writer, broadcaster (born 20 May 1951 in Rouyn-Noranda, QC; died 12 February 2020 in Toronto, ON). Christie Blatchford was one of Canada’s best-known journalists. In a career spanning five decades, she wrote for all of Canada’s national daily newspapers — the Globe and Mail, the Toronto Star and the National Post — as well as the Toronto Sun. She also published several books, including Fifteen Days: Stories of Bravery, Friendship, Life and Death from Inside the New Canadian Army (2008), which won the Governor General’s Literary Award for Non-Fiction. Blatchford won a National Newspaper Award for her columns in 1999 and was inducted into the Canadian News Hall of Fame in November 2019. She was a conservative writer who focused mainly on crime, human suffering and criminal justice. Her often controversial views prompted strong reactions and media responses.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/Twitter_Cards/Christie_Blatchford.png Christie Blatchford

  • Article

    Cindy Blackstock

    Cindy Blackstock, OC, social worker, author, professor, advocate (born 1964 in Burns Lake, BC). Blackstock is a nationally and internationally respected advocate for the rights of Indigenous children. She co-founded the First Nations Child and Family Caring Society in 1998. Later, Blackstock led the organization’s case against the federal government from 2007–16. The Caring Society argued child welfare services provided to First Nations children and families on-reserve were discriminatory and flawed. Blackstock and the Caring Society continue to work toward improving child and family services for Indigenous children across Canada.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/CindyBlackstock/cindyblackstock1.jpg Cindy Blackstock

  • Article

    Claire Bonenfant

    ​Claire Bonenfant, CQ, bookseller, film director, feminist (born 27 June 1925 in Saint-Jean, Île d’Orléans, QC; died 29 September 1996). 

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Claire Bonenfant

  • Article

    Claire Kirkland-Casgrain

    Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain, CM, CQ, first female member of Québec’s National Assembly (born 8 September 1924 in Palmer, Massachusetts; died 24 March 2016). A lawyer by training, Kirkland-Casgrain became the first female member of the National Assembly of Québec on 14 December 1961. She left her mark on Québec’s political history in 1964 by spearheading the passage of Bill 16, which improved the legal status of married women (see Women’s Movement). For more than 12 years, she was the only woman to sit as a member of the National Assembly among some 100 male colleagues. Throughout her career, she dedicated herself to improving the political, economic and social status of women in Québec.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/26cf09fc-e503-45c3-ae5a-f30684869e3c.jpg Claire Kirkland-Casgrain

  • Article

    Claire Morissette

    Claire Morissette, cycling advocate, environmentalist, feminist (born 6 April 1950 in Montreal, QC; died 20 July 2007 in Montreal). Morissette committed most of her life to promoting the use of bicycles as a primary means of transportation in the city of Montreal (see Bicycling). She was a long-time member of the Montreal-based cycling advocacy group Le Monde à bicyclette and a long-time collaborator with the city’s other principal cycling advocate, Robert “Bicycle Bob” Silverman. Morissette began her cycling advocacy in 1976 and continued contributing to the cause until she died from breast cancer at the age of 57. Thanks in part to Morissette’s tireless efforts, Montreal is recognized as one of the most bike-friendly cities in North America.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/bicyclebob/pisteclairemorissette.jpg Claire Morissette

  • Article

    Clan (Indigenous Peoples in Canada)

    Clan has been used to designate social groups whose members trace descent from either male or female ancestors. For the Indigenous people in Canada, the term has been used most often to designate groups based on unilineal descent. This means that a person belongs to the clan of either parent.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/7a876e6e-e2ac-409a-9ae8-855e57b4d420.jpg Clan (Indigenous Peoples in Canada)