History | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    The New Canadian

    The New Canadian (1938–2001) was an English-language newspaper published by and for the Japanese Canadian community. Initially, the newspaper was founded as a forum for second-generation Japanese Canadians to express and foster their identity as English-speaking Canadians and to support a mission of “cultural, economic, and political assimilation.” (See also Canadian English; Languages in use in Canada.) The newspaper became the primary source of both English- and Japanese-language news for Japanese Canadians during their forced uprooting from the west coast in the 1940s (see Internment of Japanese Canadians). It continued to be published in the postwar years, with its English-language content shifting towards social and community news while its Japanese-language section grew in importance for pre-war and postwar Japanese immigrants. The newspaper was sold to Japan Communications in 1990 and its final edition was published in 2001.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/thenewcanadian/thenewcanadian.jpg The New Canadian

  • Editorial

    The North West Company, 1779–1821

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/d98defdb-a170-4723-bafb-23ba5d5bf8dd.jpg The North West Company, 1779–1821

  • Editorial

    The "Other" Last Spike

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. The driving of the last spike may have been the great symbolic act of Canada’s first century, but it was actually a gloomy spectacle. The cash-starved Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) couldn’t afford a splashy celebration, and so only a handful of dignitaries and company men convened on the dull, grey morning of 7 November 1885 to celebrate the completion of the transcontinental railway.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/52ae3947-5fce-48d2-804e-e6a5a6a7efc9.jpg The "Other" Last Spike

  • Editorial

    Montcalm, Wolfe and the memory of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/30d46f28-8fea-44c4-9c87-e552ab723c5c.jpg Montcalm, Wolfe and the memory of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham

  • Article

    The Politics of Cultural Accommodation: Baldwin, LaFontaine and Responsible Government

    One of the great, unheralded events in Canadian history took place in September 1841 at an annual feast and ceremony of Illumination at Sharon Temple, meeting place for the Children of Peace.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/Responsible government.png The Politics of Cultural Accommodation: Baldwin, LaFontaine and Responsible Government

  • Article

    The Principall Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation

    The Principall Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation was written by Richard Hakluyt (c 1552-1616). A passionate enthusiast of trade and colonization, convinced that English navigators "excelled all ...

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 The Principall Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation

  • Article

    The Provincial Freeman

    In 1959, an article in the Journal of Negro History announced the discovery of copies of a weekly newspaper long believed lost to history. A sizeable print run of a dust-covered bound volume of The Provincial Freeman, which was published from 1853 to 1860, had been sitting in the library tower at the University of Pennsylvania since the early 1900s. What made this newspaper unique was not just that it was the second paper run by and for African Canadians. It made history as the first newspaper in North America to be published and edited by a Black woman, Mary Ann Shadd.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/c66e93b7-de62-464f-8023-84993b922ccb.jpg The Provincial Freeman

  • Article

    The Quebec Act, 1774 (Plain-Language Summary)

    In 1759, the British defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham. Soon after, the British took control of Quebec (see also The Conquest of New France.) The Quebec Act of 1774 was passed to gain the loyalty of the French who lived in the Province of Quebec. The Act had serious consequences for Britain’s North American empire. The Quebec Act was one of the direct causes of the American Revolution. (This article is a plain-language summary of The Quebec Act, 1774. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry on The Quebec Act, 1774.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/bcf0dcc3-ce34-4098-8543-00bcccbaabe0.jpg The Quebec Act, 1774 (Plain-Language Summary)

  • Article

    The Battle of York

    A crushing defeat for the British in the War of 1812, the sacking of York began on the morning of 27 April 1813. At dawn, a flotilla of 16 American ships under Commodore Isaac Chauncey made its way to the capital of Upper Canada, York [Toronto]. Landing to the west, the Americans suppressed the small group of warriors defending the shore, while knocking out the town's meagre batteries. The American force of approximately 1,700 men easily assumed control. With the fort poorly defended by an undersized garrison of 700 soldiers and backed by an unenthusiastic (indeed, almost wholly absent) militia, the British general, Sir Roger Hale Sheaffe, retreated. He left behind two local militia officers to negotiate the terms of surrender.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/SirIsaacBrockShip.jpg The Battle of York

  • Article

    Seven Years’ War (Plain-Language Summary)

    The Seven Years’ War (1756–63) was the first global war. In North America, Britain and France fought each other with the help of Indigenous allies. At the end of the war, France gave Canada (Quebec) and Ile Royale (Cape Breton) to Britain, among other territories. This is the reason that Canada has a British monarch but three founding peoples — French, British and Indigenous. (This article is a plain-language summary of the Seven Years’ War. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry Seven Years’ War.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/JamesWolfe/Benjamin_West_DeathofGeneralWolfe.jpg Seven Years’ War (Plain-Language Summary)

  • Article

    Shelburne Race Riots

    On 26 July 1784, a mob of Loyalist settlers stormed the home of a Black preacher in Shelburne, Nova Scotia. They were armed with hooks and chains seized from ships in the harbour. The confrontation ignited a wave of violence in Shelburne County that lasted approximately 10 days. The majority of the attacks targeted the county’s free Black population. The Shelburne Riot has been described as the first race riot in North America. (See also British North America.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/be13527b-b76d-408a-afca-30acbd4f7bfc.png Shelburne Race Riots

  • Article

    Editorial: The Stanley Flag and the “Distinctive Canadian Symbol”

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. Prime Minister Lester Pearson and John Matheson, one of his Liberal Members of Parliament, are widely considered the fathers of the Canadian flag. Their names were front and centre in 2015 during the tributes and celebrations to mark the 50th anniversary of the flag’s creation. But the role played by George Stanley is often lost in the story of how this iconic symbol came to be.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/a9adffc5-8796-4968-ac52-ab33df0fe6eb.jpg Editorial: The Stanley Flag and the “Distinctive Canadian Symbol”

  • Editorial

    The Northwest Passage: From Myth to Reality

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 The Northwest Passage: From Myth to Reality

  • Article

    The Study of Working Class History

    The Canadian worker has been a neglected figure in Canadian history. Workers have contributed in many ways to the development of Canadian society, but the history of working people — their families, communities and work places — has only gradually become part of our view of the past and an important component of understanding how we came to occupy our present.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/b80125b4-aa4c-4ba7-93ee-b529174ca74b.jpg The Study of Working Class History

  • Editorial

    Editorial: John Humphrey, Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. In 1946, John Humphrey became director of the United Nations Division on Human Rights, and Eleanor Roosevelt was named the United States representative to the UN’s Commission on Human Rights. Humphrey was an obscure Canadian law professor. Roosevelt was the world’s most celebrated woman. For two years, they collaborated on the creation of one of the modern world’s great documents: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It was adopted on 10 December 1948.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/6afcc1db-4a9a-4e2f-9a50-ad1981f54caf.jpg Editorial: John Humphrey, Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights