Nature & Geography | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Forestry Education

    Throughout the late 1980s and the 1990s, there was a tremendous evolution of FORESTRY in Canada and around the world. Forestry became increasingly important for both the ECONOMY and the ENVIRONMENT, and the practice of forestry became more complex.

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  • Article

    Fossil

      Fossil [Lat fossilis, "dug up"], trace of an ancient animal or plant preserved in the Earth's crust. Palaeontology is the modern, scientific study of fossils, but these curious objects have attracted attention since ancient times.

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  • Article

    Fossil and Dinosaur Bonebeds

    Part of a macrofossil, ceratopsian (horned) dinosaur bonebed at Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta (courtesy David A. Eberth).Fossil and Dinosaur Bonebeds  Bonebeds are notable accumulations of modern or FOSSIL bones and teeth from more than one individual that occur in a geologic stratum or on the surface of the ground. Although modern bonebeds are common, the term is most often used in reference to ancient occurrences, in particular, fossil bones of large animals such as DINOSAURS...

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/02a642a0-0d77-4886-9c75-55a389c9b77a.jpg Fossil and Dinosaur Bonebeds

  • Article

    Fossil Animals

    The first animals were microscopic in size and left no known fossil remains. The oldest animal fossils occur in sediments deposited under shallow equatorial seas over 600 million years ago.

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  • Article

    Fossil Plants

    "Plant" refers to familiar land plants, and also to aquatic plants, mosses, liverworts and algae plants. Although not technically plants, fungi and bacteria are often included. Palaeobotany is the study of ancient plant life using fossil evidence. Plant fossils are found coast-to-coast in Canada, from 45-million-year-old mosses in British Columbia to fossil forests on Axel Heiberg and Ellesmere islands in the Canadian Arctic.

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  • Article

    Four Major Insect Pests of Forests in Canada

    Many insects are considered pests to Canada’s forests, meaning they cause significant ecological or economic damage to forest ecosystems. These species can injure trees in various ways, including boring through wood, eating leaves, and introducing pathogens to trees. These stressors can cause economic damage by reducing the amount of wood fibre that can be harvested and can sometimes negatively impact the ecosystem. While some of these pests have been recently introduced to Canadian forests from other parts of the globe, the majority of insect forest pests in Canada are native species. Under ordinary conditions, these species are natural sources of disturbance and diversity that can help to maintain healthy forests over long periods. However, human-mediated factors such as climate change, the introduction of non-native species, and biodiversity loss have more recently worsened the impacts that certain species can have on Canadian forests. Below is a list of just a few of the many such insects impacting Canadian forests, along with the estimated area of forest, in hectares, that a population outbreak defoliated or killed as well as the year that outbreak occurred.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/insectpestsofforests/forest-tent-caterpillar.jpg Four Major Insect Pests of Forests in Canada

  • Article

    Fowler's Toad

    The Fowler’s toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) is a medium-sized, earthen-coloured toad that is native to Eastern North America. In Canada, Fowler’s toads are only found in a few small areas along the north shore of Lake Erie. This species lives in places with sandy or gravelly soils into which individuals can burrow; Fowler’s toads spend much of their time underground. Due to small and declining populations, the Fowler’s toad is endangered in Canada.

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  • Article

    Fox

       The fox is a small, carnivorous MAMMAL of the DOG family. Four species inhabit Canada: red or coloured, swift, grey, and Arctic foxes (Vulpes vulpes, V. velox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Alopex lagopus, respectively).

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  • Article

    Frank Slide

    At 4:10 AM on 29 April 1903, 74 million tonnes of rock crashed down the east slope of Turtle Mountain in the Crowsnest Pass region of Alberta

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  • Editorial

    Frank Slide: Canada's Deadliest Rockslide

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.

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  • Article

    Fraser River Canyon

    The Fraser River Canyon was formed during the Miocene period (22.9-5.33 million years ago) when the river cut down into the uplifting southern part of the Interior Plateau of British Columbia. The canyon characteristics of this

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  • Article

    Fraser River Gold Rush

    In 1858, around 30,000 gold seekers flooded the banks of the Fraser River from Hope to just north of Lillooet in British Columbia’s first significant gold rush. Although it dissipated by the mid-1860s, the Fraser River Gold Rush had a significant impact on the area’s Indigenous peoples and resulted in the Fraser Canyon War. Fears that the massive influx of American miners would lead the United States to annex the non-sovereign British territory known as New Caledonia also resulted in the founding of British Columbia as a colony on 2 August 1858 (see The Fraser River Gold Rush and the Founding of British Columbia). By the mid-1860s, the Fraser Rush collapsed, and British Columbia sank into a recession.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/FraserCanyonWar/Fraser Canyon near Chapmans Bar, Daniel Marshall(1).jpg Fraser River Gold Rush

  • Article

    Fraser River Lowland

    The Fraser River Lowland is a triangular area in southwestern British Columbia. The eastern apex of the triangle is at Hope, about 160 km inland from the Strait of Georgia. From here, the lowland broadens to the west to a width of about 50 km. The international boundary between British Columbia and Washington State crosses the southwestern part of the lowland. The Coast Mountains form the northern boundary of the delta-lowland. The Fraser River Lowland is the largest area of level land with suitable agricultural soils in coastal British Columbia.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/FraserRiverLowland/FraserRiverLowlandMap.png Fraser River Lowland

  • Article

    Freshwater Institute (FWI)

    The Freshwater Institute, located on the University of Manitoba campus in Winnipeg, Man, is one of the world's leading research centres for freshwater and Arctic fisheries research.

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  • Macleans

    Friedland's Environmental Problems

    "I don't understand. Is this a loaded question?" The line of query had not been terribly abstract.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on September 9, 1996

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Friedland's Environmental Problems