Browse "Politics & Law"

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  • Article

    General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (Plain-Language Summary)

    The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was an international trade agreement. It was signed by 23 nations, including Canada, in 1947. It came into effect on 1 January 1948. It also led to the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. The GATT was focused on trade in goods. It aimed to reduce tariffs and remove quotas among member countries. The GATT helped reduce average tariffs from 40 per cent in 1947 to less than five per cent in 1993. The GATT was an early step toward globalization. The WTO replaced the GATT on 1 January 1995. This article is a plain-language summary of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

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  • Article

    Généreux Case

    In 1985, in the Valente case, the Supreme Court dealt for the first time with judicial independence. On the second occasion, it was with the MacKay case, which dealt with military justice.

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  • Article

    Genocide

    Genocide is the intentional destruction of a particular group through killing, serious physical or mental harm, preventing births and/or forcibly transferring children to another group. The Canadian government has formally recognized certain instances of genocide abroad, including the Armenian genocide, the Holodomor, the Holocaust, the Rwandan genocide, the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia, the Uyghur genocide and the Rohingya genocide. Within Canada, some historians, legal scholars and activists have claimed that the historical, intergenerational and present treatment of Indigenous peoples are acts of genocide.

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  • Article

    Geopolitics

    Geopolitics refers to a strategy for national identity and development based on a country's geographical characteristics and natural resources.

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  • Article

    Gerald Stanley Case

    On 9 February 2018, Gerald Stanley, a white farmer in rural Saskatchewan, was acquitted of murder and manslaughter in the killing of Colten Boushie, a 22-year-old Cree man. The acquittal caused great controversy but was not appealed by prosecutors. However, it led the Justin Trudeau government to abolish peremptory challenges, which allowed Stanley’s legal team to keep five Indigenous people off the all-white jury that acquitted him. In 2021, an investigation conducted by a civilian watchdog concluded that that the RCMP was insensitive and racially discriminatory toward Boushie’s mother, and that the police mishandled witnesses and evidence. A Globe and Mail investigation also found that the RCMP “destroyed records of police communications from the night Colten Boushie died.”

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  • Macleans

    Giant Mine Murders: Ten Years Later

    It was 8:45 a.m. on sept. 18, 1992, when the rail car transporting the replacement workers hit the trip wire, setting off an explosion so powerful that it drove bits of their flesh and bone deep into the hard rock ceiling.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on August 19, 2002

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  • Article

    Ginger Group

    Ginger Group, an independent group of members of Parliament who in 1924 split from the PROGRESSIVE PARTY because they did not support a party structure that inhibited an MP's ability to act solely as the representative of his constituents.

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  • Macleans

    Girls Kill Teenage Schoolmate

    This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on December 8, 1997. Partner content is not updated. The waterfront park where Reena Virk was viciously beaten and left to drown looks like a Canadian dream: clumps of trees dot one shore, while attractive middle-class homes line the opposite bank.

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  • Editorial

    Editorial: Newfoundland’s Contribution to the Patriation of the Constitution

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. In the decades since 1982, politicians and the media have recounted the same story about the patriation of Canada’s constitution and the adoption of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Most of the credit in this version goes to Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Three others are credited with breaking an impasse in the 1981 negotiations: federal justice minister Jean Chrétien, Saskatchewan attorney general Roy Romanow, and Ontario attorney general Roy McMurtry. But in his memoirs, former Newfoundland Premier Brian Peckford argues that the key intervention in the patriation process came from Peckford and the members of the Newfoundland delegation.

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  • Article

    Godbout Case

    In the Godbout case (1997), the Supreme Court of Canada unanimously decided that the obligation imposed on all its permanent employees by the city of Longueuil (near Montréal) that they live in the city was unconstitutional.

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  • Macleans

    Gomery Enquiry May Mark the End of an Era in Quebec

    WHEN THE DAM finally burst, the dung that had been piling up for more than a week behind a publication ban at the Gomery inquiry sent political operatives running for cover, and politicians in Ottawa and Quebec City shifting damage control into overdrive.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on April 18, 2005

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Gomery Enquiry May Mark the End of an Era in Quebec

  • Macleans

    Gomery Inquiry Learns Illicit Cash Flowing for Years

    SOMETIMES the testimony at the Gomery commission starts to run together in your head, and the significance of it isn't obvious until you pause and give your head a shake. I had one such light-bulb moment when Michel Béliveau, a former LIBERAL PARTY official in Quebec, testified late last week.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on May 16, 2005

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  • Macleans

    Gomery Inquiry Reveals Liberal In-fighting

    JUSTICE JOHN GOMERY'S command of French is flawless, but his accent is unique: he sounds like a bad French actor imitating how an Anglo is supposed to sound when speaking French - cute, but seldom heard in real life.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on May 23, 2005

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Gomery Inquiry Reveals Liberal In-fighting

  • Macleans

    Gomery Inquiry Uncovers Creative Accounting

    Robert St-Onge never meant to become a proxy for everyone who feels like he got taken to the cleaners in the advertising scandal, and when his moment in the spotlight came, he made no attempt to hide his vile mood.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on May 9, 2005

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Gomery Inquiry Uncovers Creative Accounting

  • Macleans

    Goodale's Something-for-Everyone 2005 Budget

    The Government gives them space inside the Parliament Buildings every budget day - the cut-our-taxes gripers, the spend-our-way pleaders, the doom-and-gloom second-guessers.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on March 7, 2005

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Goodale's Something-for-Everyone 2005 Budget