Browse "Communities & Sociology"

Displaying 151-165 of 1351 results

  • Article

    Benjamin Cronyn

    Benjamin Cronyn, first Anglican bishop of Huron (b at Kilkenny, Ire, 11 Jul 1802; d at London, Ont, 22 Sept 1871), father-in-law of Edward BLAKE and Samuel Hume BLAKE.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Benjamin Cronyn

  • Article

    Benoît Lacroix

    ​Benoît Lacroix (born Joachim Lacroix), OC, GOQ,Dominican priest, theologian, philosopher, medievalist, historian, literary critic and university professor (born 8 September 1915 in Saint-Michel-de-Bellechasse, Québec; died 2 March 2016 in Montréal, Québec).

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/382d672c-1fb9-4abc-9832-2ecae741f1d4.jpg Benoît Lacroix

  • Article

    Beothuk

    Beothuk (meaning “the people” or “true people” in their language) were an Indigenous people who traditionally inhabited Newfoundland. At the time of European contact in the 16th century, the Beothuk may have numbered no more than 500 to 1,000. Their population is difficult to estimate owing to a reduction in their territories in the early contact period. While it has been said that the Beothuk are now extinct, Mi’kmaq oral tradition denies this claim. Indigenous oral histories teach that the Beothuk intermarried with other Indigenous nations along the mainland after they had been forced out of their coastal territories by settlers. According to this perspective, Beothuk descendants live on in other Indigenous communities.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/5a96371d-c37d-49fd-a6da-ab62b28474d0.jpg Beothuk

  • Article

    Bernard Joseph Francis Lonergan

    Bernard Joseph Francis Lonergan, Jesuit priest, philosopher-theologian (b at Buckingham, Qué 17 Dec 1904; d at Pickering, Ont 26 Nov 1984). Lonergan was a brilliant, original thinker of the highest rank. For many years his ideas have been studied by scholars in various fields.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Bernard Joseph Francis Lonergan

  • Article

    Bertha Clark-Jones

    Bertha Clark-Jones (née Houle), OC, Cree-Métis advocate for the rights of Indigenous women and children (born 6 November 1922 in Clear Hills, AB; died 21 October 2014 in Bonnyville, AB). A veteran of the Second World War, Clark-Jones joined the Aboriginal Veterans Society and advocated for the fair treatment of Indigenous ex-service people. She was co-founder and first president of the Native Women’s Association of Canada. Clark-Jones devoted her life to seeking equality and greater power for women in Canada.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/home-page-images/Bertha-clark-jones.jpg Bertha Clark-Jones

  • Article

    Bessie Starkman

    Besha (Bessie) Starkman (Perri), organized crime boss (born 14 April 1889 or 21 June 1890 in Poland; died 13 August 1930 in Hamilton, ON). During the Prohibition era she became known as Canada’s first high-profile female crime boss. With her common-law spouse, mobster Rocco Perri, she ran a bootlegging and drug-smuggling enterprise. Starkman was gunned down in the garage of her home and her murderers were never caught. Her funeral was one of the largest ever seen in Hamilton.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/BeshaStarkman/Besha_Starkman.JPG Bessie Starkman

  • Article

    Beverly Mascoll

    Beverly Sharon Mascoll (née Ash), CM, entrepreneur, philanthropist, community leader (born 29 October 1941 in Fall River, NS; died 16 May 2001 in Toronto, ON). Mascoll was one of Canada’s notable women entrepreneurs, business owners, and community role models. She was the founder and president of Mascoll Beauty Supply Ltd., a Black beauty business that was both a distribution and retail company. She was one of the first Black women to be appointed a Member of the Order of Canada. (See also Black Canadians.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/beverlymascoll/beverlymascoll.jpg Beverly Mascoll

  • Article

    Mistahimaskwa (Big Bear)

    Mistahimaskwa (Big Bear), Plains Cree chief (born near Fort Carlton, SK; died 17 January 1888 on the Little Pine Reserve, SK). Mistahimaskwa is best known for his refusal to sign Treaty 6 in 1876 and for his band’s involvement in violent conflicts associated with the 1885 North-West Resistance.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/d3f8c588-0cfa-414d-b360-98aa3449b9e1.jpg Mistahimaskwa (Big Bear)

  • Article

    Bill Blaikie

    William Alexander Blaikie, PC, OC, politician, United Church minister, professor (born 19 June 1951 in Winnipeg, MB; died 24 September 2022 in Winnipeg). Bill Blaikie was an ordained United Church minister and a proponent of social gospel politics. A major figure in the New Democratic Party (NDP), he served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for 29 years. He sought the leadership of the federal NDP in 2003, placing second behind Jack Layton. After retiring from federal politics, he was elected to one term as a Manitoba MLA and served as minister of conservation. He was also an adjunct professor of theology and politics at the University of Winnipeg.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/Bill_Blaikie.jpg Bill Blaikie

  • Article

    Billy Two Rivers

    Billy Two Rivers (Kaientaronkwen), political leader, professional wrestler, actor, activist (born 5 May 1935 in Kahnawá:ke, QC; died 12 February 2023 in Kahnawá:ke, QC). Two Rivers’ Kanyen’kehà:ka (Mohawk) name was Kaientaronkwen. He was from the Kahnawá:ke Mohawk Territory, which is on the St. Lawrence River’s south shore, south of Montreal. While he learned English in school, his first language was Kanien'kéha (Mohawk). 

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/BillyTwoRivers/CP165873022_web.jpg Billy Two Rivers

  • Article

    Bishop Emile Grouard

    Monseigneur Émile Grouard was energetic and inventive, having steamboats built on the Peace, Slave and Athabasca rivers. He was also respected by the Indigenous peoples of his diocese, and came to learn the Cree, Denesuline (Chipewyan) and Dane-zaa (Beaver) languages.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/a897c5c6-d183-4cbb-81f7-f5251ab09526.jpg Bishop Emile Grouard

  • Article

    Black Canadians and Conscription in the First World War

    In 1917, the Canadian government passed the Military Service Act, which made all male citizens (aged 20 to 45) subject to conscription. As the First World War (1914–18) dragged on, the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) desperately needed reinforcements, as the number of volunteers had nearly dried up. Earlier in the war, Black volunteers had faced resistance and opposition in their efforts to enlist. However, Black Canadians were not exempt from conscription and at least 350 were drafted into the CEF. Those who served overseas worked primarily with the Canadian Forestry Corps, although some also served on the frontlines. 

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/ImagefromBooksofRemembrance-H.jpg Black Canadians and Conscription in the First World War

  • Article

    Black Cross Nurses in Canada

    The Black Cross Nurses (BCN) is an auxiliary group intended for female members of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). The BCN was modeled on the nurses of the Red Cross. Its first chapter was launched in Philadelphia in May 1920. Under the leadership of Henrietta Vinton Davis, the BCN quickly became one of the UNIA’s most popular and iconic auxiliary groups. Offering a safe and inviting place for the Black community, UNIA halls became important cultural hubs in many cities and towns across Canada, where BCN divisions were also established. Although they were not professionally trained nurses, members of the BCN were expected to provide care and advice on matters of health and hygiene.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/BlackCrossNurses/Black Red Cross march, Harlem , 1924 by James Van der Zee.jpg Black Cross Nurses in Canada

  • Article

    Black Enslavement in Canada

    In early Canada, the enslavement of African peoples was a legal instrument that helped fuel colonial economic enterprise. The buying, selling and enslavement of Black people was practiced by European traders and colonists in New France in the early 1600s, and lasted until it was abolished throughout British North America in 1834. During that two-century period, settlers in what would eventually become Canada were involved in the transatlantic slave trade. Canada is further linked to the institution of enslavement through its history of international trade. Products such as salted cod and timber were exchanged for slave-produced goods such as rum, molasses, tobacco and sugar from slaveholding colonies in the Caribbean. This is the full-length entry about Black enslavement in Canada. For a plain language summary, please see Black Enslavement in Canada (Plain Language Summary). (See also Olivier Le Jeune; Sir David Kirke; Chloe Cooley and the Act to Limit Slavery in Upper Canada; Underground Railroad; Fugitive Slave Act of 1850; Slavery Abolition Act, 1833; Slavery of Indigenous People in Canada.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/10e1983c-bdbe-4650-9121-50dd7f143f28.jpg Black Enslavement in Canada

  • Article

    Black Enslavement in Canada (Plain-Language Summary)

    The practice of slavery was introduced by colonists in New France in the early 1600s. The practice was continued after the British took control of New France in 1760 (see British North America.) For about two hundred years, thousands of Indigenous and Black African people were bought, sold, traded and inherited like property in early Canada. Slavery was abolished (made illegal) throughout British North America in 1834. (This article is a plain-language summary of slavery in Canada. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry on Black Enslavement in Canada.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/10e1983c-bdbe-4650-9121-50dd7f143f28.jpg Black Enslavement in Canada (Plain-Language Summary)