Browse "Law Enforcement"

Displaying 76-90 of 106 results

  • Article

    Pemmican Proclamation

    ​The Pemmican Proclamation was an 1814 decree that forbade the export of pemmican and other provisions from the Red River Colony in the colonial district of Assiniboia, in present-day Manitoba.

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    Plea Bargaining

    Plea Bargaining is a form of negotiation between a person charged with an offence and a crown prosecutor. The accused person usually negotiates through his counsel. Plea bargaining can take several forms.

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    Potlatch Ban

    From 1885 to 1951, the Indigenous ceremony known as the Potlatch was banned by the federal government of Canada. The government justified their decision to ban the Potlatch because they believed it was preventing the assimilation of Indigenous Peoples. Today, this ban is recognized as an aspect of cultural genocide (see Genocide and Indigenous Peoples in Canada). Though the Potlatch was illegal during this period of time, the ban was only ever sporadically enforced. This was in part a result of the vagueness of the wording of the law. The law was rewritten and prosecutions increased. In 1922, Indian agents, aided by police, arrested individuals who had participated in a Potlatch held in the community of ʼMimkwa̱mlis. They arrested 45 people. Ultimately, this resulted in imprisonment and the confiscation of hundreds of precious ceremonial objects.

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    Privacy

    In a primarily rural society, such as 19th-century Canada, privacy was basically a territorial concept. Today, privacy tends to be defined not only territorially but as the right of individuals to determine when, how and to what extent information about themselves is to be communicated to others.

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    Probation and Parole

    Probation is a correctional method under which convicted offenders are supervised in the community instead of imprisonment, or after a period of imprisonment has been served.

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    Regulatory Process

    All levels of government in Canada are involved in regulation.

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  • Article

    Restitution (Legal)

    Restitution is a legal response calculated to take away a gain or enrichment that is considered to be inappropriate. It developed to address situations of unjust enrichment that were not adequately addressed by the laws of tort or contract.

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    Robbery

    Robbery is one of the earliest and most serious felonies and was once punishable by death. Robbery is a serious, indictable offence under the Canadian CRIMINAL CODE (s302), punishable by life imprisonment.

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    Royal Commission Inquiry into Civil Rights

    The Royal Commission Inquiry into Civil Rights was an investigation into the status of civil rights in Ontario. It was commissioned by the Government of Ontario in 1964. It was completed in 1971. Chaired by judge James Chalmers McRuer, it was also known as the McRuer Commission of 1971. Its final report totalled 2,281 pages and included 976 suggested legal reforms. The inquiry was highly influential. It prioritized ideas of fairness, accessibility and equity within the justice system. It also led to reforms in other branches of government to protect those principles. It was an important precursor to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

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    Royal Prerogative of Mercy

    Royal Prerogative of Mercy The federal Cabinet has the power to pardon anyone who has been convicted of a criminal offence. The pardon can be free or conditional. The effect of a free pardon is that the person is deemed never to have committed the offence for which they were convicted.

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    Rule of Law

    The rule of law is an underlying constitutional principle requiring government to be conducted according to law and making all public officers answerable for their acts in the ordinary courts (see ADMINISTRATIVE LAW).

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    Safety Standards

    Safety Standards, documents or codes which describe characteristics or usage for products, materials and services, are intended to protect citizens from the hazards of technology.

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    Same-Sex Marriage in Canada

    In 2003, Ontario and British Columbia became the first two provinces to legalize same-sex marriage. The federal Civil Marriage Act came into force on 20 July 2005, making same-sex marriage legal across Canada. Canada became the third country to permit same-sex marriages, after the Netherlands (2000) and Belgium (2003). Since then, all provinces in Canada have recognized same-sex marriages. Marriage itself falls under federal jurisdiction in Canada. But the provinces regulate the solemnization of marriage (the formal ceremony that is either civil or religious). They also grant marriage licenses. The Supreme Court has ruled that under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, a religious official cannot be legally compelled to perform same-sex marriages if it is contrary to their religious beliefs.

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    Sheriff

    Sheriff Sheriff In each county and judicial district in Canada sheriffs, appointed by the lieutenant-governor-in-council, serve processes (eg, writs of summonses); attend upon supreme and county court judges and maintain order in the courts (performed by constables); execute judgements, eg, seizing the judgement debtor's goods (performed by BAILIFFS); summon and supervise JURIES, and take custody of noncriminal prisoners. 

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    Social Justice

     With the arrival of INDUSTRIALIZATION over the course of the nineteenth century, early attempts to aid the poor were linked with ideas of moral and social reform and were intertwined with religion.

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