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Article

Birch-Bark Biting

Birch-bark biting is the art of dentally perforating designs on intricately folded sheets of paper-thin bark. Traditionally, the technique is known to have been practised by Ojibwe (or Chippewa), Cree and other Algonquian peoples who used birchbark extensively in fabricating domestic containers, architectural coverings, canoes and pictographic scrolls. Indigenous artists have kept the practice alive in spite of colonial efforts to culturally assimilate Indigenous peoples into Canadian society. (See also History of Indigenous Art in Canada and Contemporary Indigenous Art in Canada.)
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Article

Birchbark Canoe

The birchbark canoe was the principal means of water transportation for Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands, and later voyageurs, who used it extensively in the fur trade in Canada. Light and maneuverable, birchbark canoes were perfectly adapted to summer travel through the network of shallow streams, ponds, lakes and swift rivers of the Canadian Shield. As the fur trade declined in the 19th century, the canoe became more of a recreational vehicle. Though most canoes are no longer constructed of birchbark, its enduring historical legacy and its popularity as a pleasure craft have made it a Canadian cultural icon.
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Article

Birchbark Etching

Birchbark etching is a traditional cultural practice used by some Indigenous peoples in Canada, including the Dene, Anishinaabe and nations in the Wabanaki Confederacy (see also Mi’kmaq; Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet); Abenaki). Some functional vessels such as baskets and bowls were adorned with cultural iconography and floral motifs, though not all. During the 19th century, narrative-driven storytelling began to appear on the surface of functional birchbark objects. Some of these objects were sold as souvenirs to European settlers or visitors. The practice was in decline for much of the 20th century. However, the sustained efforts of artists and makers led to its reestablishment around the turn of the 21st century. Since then, birchbark etching has undergone a series of profound changes. It now appears in contemporary fashion, jewellery design, cosplay, fine art and more. The practice is also prevalent among major Indigenous art markets, fairs and competitions. Today, birchbark etching has become a strong example of Indigenous cultural renewal in Canada.
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Article

Bird

A Bird is a member of a unique group of vertebrates, Class Aves. The fossil record, comparative anatomy and embryology indicate that Birds have a common ancestry with Reptiles and Dinosaurs.
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Bird Classification and Evolution

Archaeopteryx, the oldest bird yet discovered, is known from several fossils recovered from fine slate deposits in Germany. This magpie-size animal lived in a tropical environment about 150 million years ago.
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Bird Distribution and Habitat

Animals' lives are circumscribed by 2 imperatives: finding food for survival, growth and reproduction and avoiding becoming prey before reproducing. For an animal to occupy a habitat, it must be able to survive and reproduce within it. Birds have evolved many ways of meeting these challenges.
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Article

Bird Feathers

Feathers are only found on birds. They probably evolved as a temperature-control device from scales, much like those of modern reptiles.
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Article

Bird Flight

Wing evolution has been affected by the habitats to which birds have adapted (e.g. the open ocean, cliff tops or the closed environment of forests) and by the need to reduce drag, or air resistance.
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Article

Bird Sanctuaries and Reserves

Protection may be achieved by various means, including land-use zoning, long-term agreements with landowners and outright acquisition of land by wildlife agencies. Protected land areas may be designated as national wildlife areas, conservation areas, game reserves, etc.
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Bird Watching

Bird watching is the field observation of birds. The popularity of bird watching has burgeoned, especially since WWII, assisted by increased leisure time, a rich literature of books and periodicals, more organizations and better educational, communication and travel facilities.
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Article

Birds of Prey

Birds of prey could be defined as birds that prey on other living animals; however, the term is usually reserved for species with hooked bills and large, strong, sharp talons.
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Article

Birth Control in Canada

Birth control means the deliberate prevention of conception and pregnancy. The birth control methods used in Canada range from the simplest (like abstinence) to the most complex (like male or female surgical sterilization). (See also History of Birth Control in Canada.)
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Article

Childbirth in Canada

Childbirth is the beginning of a child’s life and a powerful rite of passage for the mother. Methods vary according to culture and time periods. Before the 19th century, Canadians relied mostly on the help of midwives, as well as prayers and even superstitions, to face the intense pains of contractions. Advances in the field of obstetrics in the 19th and 20th centuries introduced new ways of shortening the length of childbirth and managing its pains. Those developments also resulted in the transition of childbirth from homes to hospitals. Today, the different methods of childbirth can involve the help of physicians, midwives and doulas.
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Bishop Strachan School

The Bishop Strachan School is an all-girls independent school in Toronto. It was founded in 1867, and today remains committed to its original mission of preparing young women to be leaders.
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Bishop Strachan School Chapel Choir

Bishop Strachan School Chapel Choir Toronto girls' school choir known in 1990 as The Choir of the Bishop Strachan School. Variable in size, it numbered 55 members in 1990. A school choir existed at the time of World War I under J.W.
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