Green Party of Canada

Ideology

Founded in 1983 and inspired by the success of sister parties in New Zealand and Germany, the Green Party of Canada set out to replace the traditional left-versus-right political debate in favour of a new emphasis on protecting the environment and conserving natural resources. In 2002, the Green Party embraced the six fundamental principles of the Global Greens Charter: ecological wisdom; social justice; participatory democracy; non-violence; sustainability; and respect for diversity.

The party’s founding leader in Canada was Trevor Hancock. He led the organization from 1983 to 1984. He was followed by Seymour Trieger (1984–88), Kathryn Cholette (1988–90), Chris Lea (1990–96), Wendy Priesnitz (1996–97), Harry Garfinkle (1997), Joan Russow (1997–2001), Chris Bradshaw (2001–03), Jim Harris (2003–06), Elizabeth May (2006–19) and Annamie Paul (2020­–21). May returned as leader in 2022. She was joined by co-leader Jonathan Pedneault in early 2025 before again becoming the sole leader.

What Direction?

As environmental activism shifted from being the focus of mainly interest groups to the central concern of a new political party, questions arose: Where did the party fit on the political spectrum? Did it embrace a completely new ideology? How could it move beyond a single issue, towards a comprehensive policy outlook spanning a wide range of issues?

If the Green Party leaned to the left, how could it differentiate itself from the social democratic policies of the New Democratic Party? Many Green party supporters say that they are “neither left nor right,” but instead embrace an amalgam of socially progressive, fiscally conservative and environmentally green ideas. Elizabeth May, who became leader of the Green Party in 2006, guided the party in a more centrist direction.

Other key questions are whether party decision-making should be decentralized or centralized, and how Canada’s provincial Green parties could be coordinated with the national organization.

Early Struggles and Later Progress

The Green Party has run candidates in federal elections since 1984. The party presented fewer than 100 candidates in each of its first four elections. In 2004, under Jim Harris’s leadership, it ran a full slate of candidates for the first time in all 308 federal ridings.

The party has steadily improved its performance since that time. In 2004, it garnered more than 582,000 votes (4.3 per cent of total votes cast). In 2006, the party received more than 664,000 votes (4.5 per cent) — a disappointment for many members, who had hoped that under Elizabeth May’s higher-profile leadership the party might do considerably better. Two years later, however, in the 2008 election, the party increased its vote total to more than 937,000 (6.8 per cent).

2011 Federal Election

In the 2011 federal contest, the Greens’ vote total fell to 576, 221 (3.9 per cent). That disappointment was somewhat diminished, however, by Elizabeth May’s victory — winning a seat in the British Columbia riding of Saanich-Gulf Islands, and becoming the party’s first member of Parliament. Since then, May has been voted Parliamentarian of the Year in 2012 by her fellow MPs, Hardest Working MP of 2013, and Best Orator of 2014. May was joined in the House of Commons by a second federal representative in December 2013, when former MP Bruce Hyer left the New Democratic Party and joined the Greens.

2015 Federal Election

The 2015 election was a disappointment for the Greens, who had hoped to achieve continued growth. Elizabeth May was the only Green candidate elected in the country, and the party received 3.5 per cent of the popular vote, slightly less than its 2011 result.

2019 Federal Election

However, support for the Green Party rose in the lead-up to the federal election of October 2019. In May 2019, Paul Manly won a by-election in Nanaimo-Ladysmith on Vancouver Island, becoming the second MP elected under the Green Party banner. The same month, the Greens released Mission: Possible, their 20-step climate action plan. In August 2019, Elizabeth May announced a plan to help workers in the oil and gas industry transition to a renewable energy economy. In September 2019, polls showed the Greens in fourth place, only slightly behind Jagmeet Singh’s New Democratic Party.

At the heart of the party’s 2019 campaign platform were the virtual elimination of fossil fuel use and the development of a sustainable economy. This included continued opposition to pipeline expansion and the corresponding increase in tanker traffic. The Greens also proposed a comprehensive national climate and energy strategy, a carbon fee and dividend plan and the end of government subsidies to fossil fuel industries. In addition, the platform included implementing a national pharmacare plan and abolishing tuition fees for postsecondary students. The Green Party also promised more support for seniors, a Guaranteed Livable Income, an ongoing commitment to reconciliation with Indigenous peoples in Canada and renewed support for scientific research.

In late September, the party released a document that outlined the economic costs and benefits of its platform. However, some key party promises, such as phasing out oil sands production, were not included. Independent analyses by the Parliamentary Budget Officer (PBO) and Institute of Fiscal Studies and Democracy (IFSD) at the University of Ottawa questioned the accuracy and reliability of the Green Party’s numbers.

On 21 October 2019, the Greens won three seats — May and Manly were re-elected in their British Columbia ridings, while Jenica Atwin won in Fredericton, New Brunswick. It was the Green Party of Canada’s first victory in the Atlantic provinces. While this was a significant achievement, it was not the breakthrough many expected. Still, May was optimistic that the Party could make a “significant contribution” in the new Liberal minority government.

May resigned as party leader on 4 November 2019. She continues to sit as a Member of Parliament and to serve as the parliamentary caucus leader. Jo-Ann Roberts, a former journalist, was named interim leader.

2020 Leadership Convention

The Green Party’s leadership convention was held online, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, between 26 September and 3 October 2020. The number of party members eligible to vote — 34,680 — was almost 10 times the number of members that attended the last leadership election in 2006.

Annamie Paul, a human rights lawyer from Toronto, was elected leader of the Green Party over seven other candidates on the eighth ballot. She had previously finished fourth in Toronto Centre in the 2019 federal election. One of her first major actions as Green leader was to contest the riding once again in an October 2020 by-election prompted by the resignation of former finance minister Bill Morneau. Paul garnered a surprising 32.7 per cent of the vote but still lost to Liberal Marci Ien.

2021 Federal Election

In the months leading to the 2021 federal election, the Green Party experienced severe internal infighting. Some members were dissatisfied with Annamie Paul’s more muted position on the escalating Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Criticism intensified when Paul failed to reign in an adviser who openly called for defeating Green MPs deemed to be antisemitic. As a result, Paul’s leadership was seriously weakened. Party executives even tried to remove her as leader and revoke her party membership. One of the party’s three MPs, Jenica Atwin of Fredericton, crossed the floor and joined the Liberals.

Despite these difficulties, Paul remained party leader when Prime Minister Justin Trudeau called an election in late August 2021. During the election on 20 September, the party performed poorly. It elected two MPs, down from three in 2019. Mike Morrice won in Kitchener Centre and Elizabeth May won for the fourth time in Saanich—Gulf Islands. The Green Party’s national vote share also decreased from 6.5 per cent in 2019 to 2.3 per cent in 2021. Annamie Paul failed in her third bid to win election in Toronto Centre, after refusing to run in a more Green-friendly riding. A few weeks after the election, she resigned as party leader.

Federal Green Party, 2022–25

With the Green Party’s public credibility in jeopardy, Elizabeth May announced in July 2022 that she would run for a return as party leader. She won the race in November 2022, beating Anna Keenan and Chad Walcott. The position of deputy leader was filled by Jonathan Pedneault, a former researcher at Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International. However, May framed their relationship as one of co-leadership and said that the party’s constitution should be amended to allow it.

As party leader, May continued to criticize the federal government for expanding fossil fuel infrastructure like the Trans Mountain Pipeline and moving too slowly on renewable energy development. “Our government isn’t working to make sure that we avoid 1.5 or 2 degrees,” she has said. “They’re working to make sure the fossil fuel industry can go on as long as possible while claiming to do climate action. It’s cognitive dissonance at a level that just makes no sense.”

May once again became the sole leader of the Green Party in July 2024, when Pedneault announced he was leaving politics. But when he decided in January 2025 that he “could no longer stand on the sidelines” as US president Donald Trump threatened Canada’s sovereignty, May invited him to return as co-leader.

On 4 February, the party voted with 90.6 per cent approval to adopt a co-leadership model. May and Pedneault were elected co-leaders with 89.4 per cent of the vote. On 3 March, it was announced that Pedneault would represent the Green Party at the federal leaders’ debates in advance of the election on 28 April.

2025 Federal Election

On 23 March 2025, new Prime Minister Mark Carney called a snap election to be held on 28 April. At the Green Party campaign launch, Jonathan Pedneault said, “The threat is real. We cannot afford to sit this one out. We must vote now as though our country depends on it, because more than ever before, it does.” Pedneault ran in the Montreal riding of Outremont but was seen as a longshot. His main opponent was incumbent immigration minister, Rachel Bendayan. She won the riding — a long-time Liberal stronghold — by wide margins in both 2019 and 2021.

The leaders’ debates presented Pedneault with an opportunity to showcase himself on a national stage. However, the Green Party was abruptly disinvited from the debates on 16 April, the morning of the first debate and the only one in French. The Leaders' Debates Commission, the organizing body for the debates, said that the Greens failed to meet the participation requirements because they were not running candidates in at least 90 per cent of Canada’s 343 federal ridings.

The commission also called out the Greens for excluding candidates from certain ridings for strategic reasons. One day earlier, Pedneault had admitted in a Radio-Canada interview that his party made the “strategic decision” to pull candidates from 15 ridings where the Conservatives were favoured. In its statement, the commission said that “Deliberately reducing the number of candidates running for strategic reasons is inconsistent with the Commission's interpretation of party viability…. The Commission concludes that the inclusion of the leader of the Green Party of Canada in these circumstances would undermine the integrity of the debates and the interests of the voting public.”

Elizabeth May immediately disputed the claim that the party had held back candidates, calling it “a mistake, a misunderstanding.” She also said that the Greens had difficulty securing candidates in certain ridings due to “bullying, harassment and threats of violence,” because of the perception that the Greens would split the vote on the left and help the Conservatives. Pedneault had also said that Green Party candidates and volunteers “faced intimidation… We had people being called names, told that they shouldn't be running.” A week later, the Green Party took the Leaders' Debates Commission to court to seek a judicial review of the decision.

In the election on 28 April, as the polls predicted, the progressive vote consolidated behind Prime Minister Mark Carney and the Liberal Party. This happened at the expense of the Green Party, the NDP and the Bloc Québécois, all of which saw their share of the vote plummet. The Greens garnered a paltry 1.3 per cent of the vote, down from an already rock bottom 2.3 per cent in 2021. The only bright spot was that May bucked the national trend and held on to her seat, winning handily by a margin of eight per cent. The fact that the Liberals fell four seats short of a majority also gave her the opportunity to leverage her vote in the House in the new minority government.

Meanwhile, Pedneault finished fifth in Outremont with only 9.6 per cent of the vote — his second failed attempt to win a seat in a federal election. On 30 April, he announced his resignation as Green Party co-leader. “While I remain proud of the program the party built and the values we brought forward during this campaign,” he said, “I recognize that we were not able to break through in a way that could shift the course of our country — and that is a responsibility I must carry.”

Provincial Progress

There are also provincial Green parties in most of Canada, and some have made important progress in recent elections. The Green Party of British Columbia won its first seat in the Legislature in the province’s 2013 election. In the 2017 provincial election, the Greens elected three candidates to the BC legislature. They supported the minority NDP government under John Horgan in return for environmental concessions. In New Brunswick, the Greens won a single seat in 2014 and three seats in the 2018 provincial election. In 2015, the first Green candidate was elected to the Prince Edward Island legislature. In 2019, the party won eight seats in PEI and became the Official Opposition — a first for the Green Party. In Ontario, the party won one seat in the 2018 provincial election and two seats in both the 2022 and 2025 elections.

Challenges

The Green Party faces a number of hurdles in its quest to play a greater role in Canadian politics. The party is generally ignored by the other parties in Parliament; broadcasters sometimes exclude it from the televised leaders’ debates, and the Canadian electoral system does not translate votes into seats proportionally. More than six per cent of voters supported the party in 2019, yet it has fewer than one per cent of the MPs in the House of Commons. As a result, some Canadians are reluctant to cast a ballot for the party, since they feel it is a wasted vote. A more proportional electoral system would help the Greens significantly.

Despite these challenges, the Green Party has moved from being an obscure fringe party to a serious, if minor, player in Canadian politics, with seats in the House of Commons and in four provincial legislatures.