Browse "Politics & Law"

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  • List

    Elections to Remember

    We love them and we hate them. They bring out the best in us, and the worst. They frequently divide us, and sometimes — as with John Diefenbaker's thunderous victory in 1958 — federal elections succeed in uniting the country behind a single impulse, or a single voice. One thing's for sure: amid all the change that has swept across Canada since Confederation, there has remained one steadfast certainty — that every few years, we ordinary citizens have the right to collectively choose who should govern us. Today, this privilege is not shared by billions of the world's people. How lucky that our democracy endures. When Canadians return to the polls, not only will we be carrying out the business of voting, we'll be writing a new chapter in Canada's rich electoral history. It's an intriguing story, filled with high stakes, hijinks and high passions, not to mention a colourful cast of political characters. Here are some famous elections from the past, and how they changed Canada . . . 

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Elections to Remember

  • Article

    Elias Hardy

    Elias Hardy, lawyer, politician (b at Farnham, Surrey, Eng c 1744; d at Saint John 25 Dec 1798). Hardy immigrated to Virginia in 1775; like most LOYALISTS he sympathized with America in its quarrel with Britain but opposed the ultimate solution of colonial independence.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Elias Hardy

  • Article

    Elijah Harper

    Elijah Harper, OM, Oji-Cree politician, consultant, policy analyst (born 3 March 1949 at Red Sucker Lake, MB; died 17 May 2013 in Ottawa, ON). Elijah Harper is best known for the role he played in scuttling the Meech Lake Accord, for which he was named the Canadian Press newsmaker of the year in 1990. Harper also served as the Minister for Northern Affairs. From 1993 to 1997 he represented the riding of Churchill in the federal parliament.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/73c1f655-bfcc-4aa6-9251-c0d5c550fde4.jpg Elijah Harper

  • Article

    Elizabeth May

    Elizabeth May, OC, politician, environmental activist, lawyer, author, leader of the Green Party of Canada 2006–19 (born 9 June 1954 in Hartford, Connecticut). May served as a policy advisor (1986–88) to the government of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, and in 1989 became the founding executive director of the Sierra Club of Canada. In 2011, she became the first Green Party member elected to the House of Commons. May resigned as party leader in November 2019.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/Elizabeth May.jpg Elizabeth May

  • Article

    Elizabeth Pauline MacCallum

    Elizabeth Pauline MacCallum, diplomat, scholar (b at Murash in the Ottoman Empire [Turkey] 20 June 1895; d at Ottawa 12 June 1985). The daughter of missionaries, MacCallum graduated from Queen's and Columbia and taught in the Yukon.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Elizabeth Pauline MacCallum

  • Article

    Ella Cora Hind

    Ella Cora Hind, journalist, agricultural authority, activist and suffragist (born 18 September 1861 in Toronto, ON; died 6 October 1942 in Winnipeg, MB). A pioneer throughout her life, Hind was an acclaimed grain expert, a champion of women’s rights and an advocate for the franchise.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/!feature-img-thumbnails/Ella-Cora-Hind-tweet.jpg Ella Cora Hind

  • Article

    Ellen Fairclough

    Ellen Louks Fairclough, politician (born on 28 January 1905 in Hamilton, Ontario; died 13 November 2004 in Hamilton). A chartered accountant by profession, she became secretary of state and Canada's first woman federal cabinet minister in John Diefenbaker’s 1957 Conservative government. She was instrumental as head of the Department of Citizenship and Immigration in pushing for less racist immigration policies. She also pushed for granting Status Indians the right to vote (see Indigenous Suffrage.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/a047218-v8.jpg Ellen Fairclough

  • Article

    Elmer MacIntosh MacKay

    Elmer MacIntosh MacKay, politician (b at Hopewell, NS 5 Aug 1936). Educated at Acadia and Dalhousie, MacKay was called to the NS Bar in 1961 and practised law in Pictou County.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Elmer MacIntosh MacKay

  • Article

    Elsie Gibbons

    Elsie May Gibbons (née Thacker), first woman elected as mayor of a municipality in Québec (born 23 May 1903 in Ottawa, Ontario; died 28 January 2003 in Shawville, Québec). In 2015 the pioneering role of Gibbons in municipal politics was recognized by the Québec government, and in 2017 the Elsie-Gibbons award was created by the Fédération Québécoise des Municipalités.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/81d4820a-348d-4c50-ac01-d7436b673960.jpg Elsie Gibbons

  • Article

    Elsie Knott

    Elsie Marie Knott (née Taylor), Ojibwe chief, community leader, entrepreneur (born 20 September 1922 on Mud Lake Reserve [now Curve Lake First Nation], ON; died there on 3 December 1995). Knott was the first elected female First Nations chief in Canada, after a 1951 amendment to the Indian Act permitted Indigenous women to vote and participate in band governments. She was also chief of her First Nation for 14 years, from 1954 to 1962 and from 1970 to 1976. Knott was dedicated to preserving the Ojibwe language and was known for her community activism and support of education.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/curvelake/curve lake.JPG Elsie Knott

  • Article

    Elzéar Bédard

    Elzéar Bédard, lawyer, judge, politician, mayor, Patriote (born 24 July 1799 in Québec, Lower Canada; died 11 August 1849 in Montréal, Canada East).

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/a187f72e-4b99-461a-ad0e-859d8eca5c37.jpg Elzéar Bédard

  • Article

    Emily Murphy

    Emily Murphy (née Ferguson, pen name Janey Canuck), writer, journalist, magistrate, political and legal reformer (born 14 March 1868 in Cookstown, ON; died 27 October 1933 in Edmonton, AB). Emily Murphy was the first woman magistrate in the British Empire. She was also one of the Famous Five behind the Persons Case, the successful campaign to have women declared persons in the eyes of British law. A self-described rebel, she was an outspoken feminist and suffragist and a controversial figure. Her views on immigration and eugenics have been criticized as racist and elitist. She was named a Person of National Historic Significance in 1958 and an honorary senator in 2009.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/Twitter_Cards/Murphy.jpg Emily Murphy

  • Article

    Emily Murphy (Plain-Language Summary)

    Emily Murphy (née Ferguson), pen name Janey Canuck, writer, journalist, magistrate, political and legal reformer (born 14 March 1868 in Cookstown, ON; died 27 October 1933 in Edmonton, AB). Emily Murphy was the first woman magistrate (justice of the peace) in the British Empire. She was also one of the Famous Five behind the Persons Case. It ruled that women were persons in the eyes of the law. Murphy was an outspoken feminist and suffragist. She is also controversial. Her views on immigration and eugenics have been seen as racist and elitist. She was named a Person of National Historic Significance in 1958. She was made an honorary senator in 2009. This article is a plain-language summary of Emily Murphy. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry: Emily Murphy.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/f2df0151-1333-440b-ae34-65430693183c.jpg Emily Murphy (Plain-Language Summary)

  • Article

    Emily Murphy's Famous Triumph

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. “I feel equal,” wrote Emily Murphy in 1927, “to high and splendid braveries.” By that point in her life, the 59-year-old native of Cookstown, Ontario, had earned the right to big ambitions: her achievements included turns as a successful writer (under the name “Janey Canuck”), social activist, self-taught legal expert and, as of 1916, the first woman magistrate in the British Empire. She was also a wife and mother.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/f2df0151-1333-440b-ae34-65430693183c.jpg Emily Murphy's Famous Triumph

  • Macleans

    Emmett Hall (Obituary)

    Like so many people before and after them, Emmett Hall's parents moved to Western Canada seeking a better life for their young family.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on November 27, 1995

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Emmett Hall (Obituary)