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  • Editorial

    Editorial: The Arrival of Black Loyalists in Nova Scotia

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. “Freedom and a Farm.” The promise was exciting to the thousands of African Americans, most seeking to escape enslavement, who fought in British regiments during the American Revolutionary War (1775–83). Following the war, they joined tens of thousands of Loyalists — American refugees who had sided with the British. Between 80,000 and 100,000 Loyalists eventually fled the United States. About half came to British North America. The main waves arrived in 1783 and 1784. The territory that now includes the Maritime provinces became home to more than 30,000 Loyalists. Most of coastal Nova Scotia received Loyalist settlers, as did Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island (then called St. John’s Island).

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/be13527b-b76d-408a-afca-30acbd4f7bfc.png Editorial: The Arrival of Black Loyalists in Nova Scotia

  • Article

    Black Pioneers of the American Revolution

    The Black Pioneers was a provincial (i.e., locally recruited) unit of the British army during the American Revolutionary War. It was the only Black unit on the provincial establishment. Most members of the company were formerly enslaved persons who had fled their Patriot (rebel) owners in response to British promises of freedom. Although some Black soldiers fought in combat during the war, the Pioneers provided construction and engineering support to the British army. After the war, they were among thousands of Black Loyalists who were transported to Nova Scotia.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/be13527b-b76d-408a-afca-30acbd4f7bfc.png Black Pioneers of the American Revolution

  • Article

    Black Soldiers in 19th Century Canada

    Black soldiers served in military units throughout the 19th century in Canada. Although some (white) commanding officers rejected Black volunteers, they served in the militia in integrated units and in Black units such as the Coloured Corps in Niagara, the Victoria Pioneer Rifle Corps in British Columbia and the Victoria Rifles in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Black soldiers served in peacetime and in major events such as the War of 1812 and the Rebellions of 1837–38.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/BlackSoldiers/Victoria-Pioneer-Rifles.jpg Black Soldiers in 19th Century Canada

  • Article

    Black Theatre Workshop

    The TTA set up a dramatic committee that organized public readings of plays by Earl Lovelace, Errol John and Derek Walcott (Nobel laureate 1993).

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/fb9b2181-e2e6-46e9-b3e7-142ce83d2f11.jpg Black Theatre Workshop

  • Article

    Black Volunteers in the Canadian Expeditionary Force

    During the First World War, up to 1,300 Black men volunteered for service in the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF). While the men of No. 2 Construction Battalion are the best-known example of Black participation in the war, another 300 to 500 enlisted in other units of the CEF. Of these, about 100 served on the front lines. Black soldiers participated in all major battles of the CEF, from its arrival in France until the Armistice. (See also Black Canadians and Conscription in the First World War.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/d2114b98-ef0d-4e98-aa49-892b095d77cc.jpg Black Volunteers in the Canadian Expeditionary Force

  • Article

    George Morton and the Fight to Fight: Black Volunteers in the First World War

    Archivist Barbara M. Wilson explores the significance of a letter sent to Sir Sam Hughes by George Morton, a letter carrier, barber and civil rights advocate from Hamilton, Ontario. In his letter, dated 7 September 1915, Morton asked the minister of militia and defence why members of the Black community were being turned away when trying to enlist for service with the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. (See also Black Volunteers in the Canadian Expeditionary Force.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/1110b60d-adfe-4989-b17d-45c0d12d2438.jpg George Morton and the Fight to Fight: Black Volunteers in the First World War

  • Article

    Black Voting Rights in Canada

    The history of Black Canadian voting rights is marked by contrasting shifts. Enslaved during the period 1600–1834, Black persons could not vote. Emancipated, they were entitled to the rights, freedoms and privileges enjoyed by British subjects, including the franchise; however, racial discrimination did at times impede Black Canadians’ right to vote. The rights and freedoms of Black women were further restricted by virtue of their sex. Black communities in Canada represent an array of experiences, below are some that relate to the right to vote.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/ae60e6b1-2ed8-471b-8da9-2b0d76e9d8fd.jpg Black Voting Rights in Canada

  • Editorial

    Editorial: Black Women in the Arts

    The following article is part of an exhibit. Past exhibits are not updated. Driven to overcome histories of prejudice and marginalization, as women and as people of African descent, Black women are among Canada’s most innovative artists. With their fingers on the pulse of this multi-tasking, multi-disciplinary, 21st-century culture, the 15 dynamic artists featured in this exhibit — a mix of poets, playwrights, filmmakers, musicians and visual artists — refuse to be limited to one medium or style. Award-winning poet Dionne Brand is also a novelist, filmmaker and influential professor, while Lillian Allen thrives as a dub poet, declaiming her verses to reggae accompaniment. trey anthony is a comedian as well as a ground-breaking playwright and screenwriter. All of these women and the many others below are also, in one way or another, passionate activists and committed advocates who are deeply involved in their communities. 

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/ee1f817b-7ddb-4e03-9a02-e51f833c78da.jpg Editorial: Black Women in the Arts

  • Article

    Blackfoot Confederacy

    The Blackfoot Confederacy, sometimes referred to as the Blackfoot Nation or Siksikaitsitapi, is comprised of three Indigenous nations, the Kainai, Piikani and Siksika. People of the Blackfoot Nation refer to themselves as Niitsitapi, meaning “the real people,” a generic term for all Indigenous peoples, or Siksikaitsitapi, meaning “Blackfoot-speaking real people.” The Confederacy’s traditional territory spans parts of southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, as well as northern Montana. In the 2021 census, 18,485 people identified as having Blackfoot ancestry.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/bb803906-cd48-4b47-a60b-b5c9059cf804.jpg Blackfoot Confederacy

  • Article

    Siksika (Blackfoot)

    The Siksika, also known as the Blackfoot (or Blackfeet in the United States), are one of the three nations that make up the Blackfoot Confederacy (the other two are the Piikani and Kainai). In the Blackfoot language, Siksika means “Blackfoot.” As of January 2024, the Siksika Nation registered population was 7,767, with 4,218 living on reserve in Alberta.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/48719197-b6cd-42c6-ae22-4978290d2f26.jpg Siksika (Blackfoot)

  • Article

    Blackie and the Rodeo Kings

    Blackie & The Rodeo Kings was initially conceived in 1996 as a tribute act to singer-songwriter Willie P. Bennett. By renewing interest in Bennett and other Canadian songwriters, Colin Linden, Stephen Fearing and Tom Wilson believed they would also gain a wider audience for their solo careers.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/cf55031d-9fd7-4484-a417-7c667a581b18.jpg Blackie and the Rodeo Kings

  • Article

    Blaine Higgs

    Blaine Myron Higgs, engineer, politician, premier of New Brunswick (born 1 March 1954 in Woodstock, New Brunswick). Higgs is a mechanical engineer who first won elective office in 2010 as a Progressive Conservative Member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick. He was sworn in as premier on 9 November 2018 and won reelection on 14 September 2020.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/BlaineHiggs/Blaine-Higgs.jpg Blaine Higgs

  • Article

    Blair Fraser

    Blair Fraser, journalist (b at Sydney, NS 17 Apr 1909; d on the Petawawa R, Ont 12 May 1968). Fraser was one of the leading journalists of the 1950s and 1960s, and as Ottawa editor of Maclean's from 1943-60 he had a unique opportunity to influence a national audience.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Blair Fraser

  • Article

    Blake Desjarlais

    Blake Desjarlais, politician (born 29 December 1993, in Fishing Lake Métis Settlement, AB). Blake Desjarlais is the Member of Parliament (MP) representing the riding of Edmonton Griesbach for the New Democratic Party (NDP). Upon winning office in September 2021, the Métis Desjarlais became the first MP in Canada’s history to openly identify as two-spirit. He is currently the only Indigenous MP from Alberta.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/Blake_Desjarlais_at_convention_2023.jpg Blake Desjarlais

  • Article

    Blake Randolph Debassige

    Blake Randolph Debassige, artist (born at West Bay, Ontario 22 June 1956). 

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Blake Randolph Debassige