Browse "Communities & Sociology"

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  • Article

    Sisterhood of St John the Divine

    Sisterhood of St John the Divine, see CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES.

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  • Article

    Sisters of Providence

    A female religious congregation founded in 1844 in Montréal by the widow Marie-Émilie Gamelin, née Tavernier, under the name of Daughters of Charity, Servants of the Poor (the present name has been in official usage since 1970).

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  • Article

    Sisters of St Anne

    Sisters of St Anne, a female religious congregation founded in 1850 in Vaudreuil, Qué, by the Servant of God Marie-Esther Sureau, dit Blondin (Mother Marie-Anne), for the education of young rural girls and some activities of mercy.

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  • Article

    Sisters of St Joseph

    In 1966, 6 Canadian congregations of Sisters of St Joseph (Hamilton, London, Pembroke, Peterborough, Sault Ste Marie, Toronto) working in the fields of education and health-care activities formed the Federation of the Sisters of St Joseph of Canada.

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  • Article

    Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary

    Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary, a religious congregation of women founded in LONGUEUIL, Québec, by the blessed Eulalie Durocher (Mother Marie-Rose) to educate young girls. The spirituality of the congregation is Ignatian (Jesuit).

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  • Article

    Sixties Scoop

    The “Sixties Scoop” refers to the large-scale removal or “scooping” of Indigenous children from their homes, communities and families of birth through the 1960s, and their subsequent adoption into predominantly non-Indigenous, middle-class families across the United States and Canada. This experience left many adoptees with a lost sense of cultural identity. The physical and emotional separation from their birth families continues to affect adult adoptees and Indigenous communities to this day. This is the full-length entry about the Sixties Scoop. For a plain-language summary, please see Sixties Scoop (Plain-Language Summary).

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  • Article

    Sleeping Car Porters in Canada

    Sleeping car porters were railway employees who attended to passengers aboard sleeping cars. Porters were responsible for passengers’ needs throughout a train trip, including carrying luggage, setting up beds, pressing clothes and shining shoes, and serving food and beverages, among other services. The vast majority of sleeping car porters were Black men and the position was one of only a few job opportunities available to Black men in Canada. While the position carried respect and prestige for Black men in their communities, the work demanded long hours for little pay. Porters could be fired suddenly and were often subjected to racist treatment. Black Canadian porters formed the first Black railway union in North America (1917) and became members of the larger Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters in 1939. Both unions combatted racism and the many challenges that porters experienced on the job.

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  • Article

    Smallpox in Canada

    Smallpox is an infectious disease caused by the variola virus. The disease arrived in what is now Canada with French settlers in the early 17th century. Indigenous peoples had no immunity to smallpox, resulting in devastating infection and death rates. In 1768, arm-to-arm inoculation became more widely practised in North America. By 1800, advances in vaccination helped control the spread of smallpox. Public health efforts also reduced rates of infection. In the 20th century, Canadian scientists helped the World Health Organization eradicate smallpox. Eradication was achieved in 1979, but virus stocks still exist for research and safety reasons. Click here for definitions of key terms used in this article.

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  • Article

    Social Doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church

    The social doctrine of the Roman Catholic church was defined particularly in two papal encyclicals: Rerum Novarum, by Leo XIII (1891), and Quadragesimo Anno, by Pius XI (1931). The church wished to show its preoccupation with the fate of the working classes, often victims of unbridled capitalism. Both documents preached a Christian humanism, decried the insufficiencies of capitalism, and warned against the evils inherent in socialism and in the doctrine of class struggle. The church clarified its teachings concerning employers' responsibilities and workers' rights, as well as related duties of the state. Leo XIII wrote that workers had a right to fair wages and that they could form Catholic unions whose existence should be protected by governments.

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  • Article

    Social Gospel

    The Social Gospel is an attempt to apply Christianity to the collective ills of an industrializing society, and was a major force in Canadian religious, social and political life from the 1890s through the 1930s.

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    Social History

    Social history is a way of looking at how a society organizes itself and how this changes over time. The elements that make up Canada’s social history include climate and geography, as well as the transition to industrialization and urbanization.

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  • Article

    Social Science Federation of Canada

    The Social Science Federation of Canada (SSFC) was established in 1940 as the Social Science Research Council of Canada. It and the Canadian Federation of the Humanities (CFH) were amalgamated into a new body, the HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE FEDERATION OF CANADA (HSSFC), in 1996.

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    Socialism

    Socialism is a political doctrine that criticizes the existence of social, economic and political inequality in society. Seeking to lessen class inequality, socialists call for a redistribution of power from the affluent owners to the working class.

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  • Article

    Society of Friends

    Society of Friends, see QUAKERS.

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  • Article

    Société de Saint-Vincent de Paul

    Société de Saint-Vincent de Paul, Catholic organization dedicated to works of charity. It was founded in 1833 by Frederic Ozanam, a 20-year-old Sorbonne student in Paris.

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