Browse "Government"

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  • Article

    Indigenous Peoples and Government Policy in Canada

    For most of the history of political interaction between Indigenous people and the Canadian government (and its colonial predecessors) government policy has focused on First Nations. The Inuit were barely acknowledged until the 1940s, while special responsibility for Métis and Non-Status Indians was largely denied until 2016. The early history of Indigenous policy in Canada is characterized by the presence of both France and Britain as colonizing powers. British colonial policy acknowledged Indigenous peoples as sovereign nations. Post-Confederation Canadian Indigenous policy initially was based on a model of assimilation, with one of its main instruments being the Indian Act. Since the late 1960s, government policy has gradually shifted to a goal of self-determination for Indigenous peoples, to be achieved through modern-day treaties and self-government agreements.

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  • Article

    Indigenous Self-Government in Canada

    Indigenous self-government is the formal structure through which Indigenous communities may control the administration of their people, land, resources and related programs and policies, through agreements with federal and provincial governments.

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  • Article

    Abortion in Canada (Plain-Language Summary)

    Abortion is when a pregnancy is ended before birth. Abortion was a crime in Canada until 1988. The Supreme Court of Canada struck down the law. Since then, abortion has been legal at any stage of a woman’s pregnancy. It is a publicly funded medical service under the Canada Health Act. (See Health Policy.) But access to abortion services differs across the country. Despite being legal, abortion remains one of the most divisive issues of our time. This article is a plain-language summary of Abortion in Canada. If you would like to read about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry: Abortion in Canada.

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    Act of Union (Plain-Language Summary)

    The Act of Union was passed by the British Parliament in July 1840. It became law on 10 February 1841. It merged Canada West (formerly Upper Canada) and Canada East (formerly Lower Canada) into the Province of Canada (1841–67). The Act was based on the findings of the Durham Report. It was presented by Lord Durham in 1839. The Act sought to assimilate French Canadians, limit the power of the Family Compact and promote economic growth. This article is a plain-language summary of the Act of Union. If you would like to read about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry: Act of Union.

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    Time Allocation

    Time allocation is determined by Standing Orders 115, 116 and 117 of the rules of the House of Commons.

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    Autonomy Bills

    The Autonomy Bills were the 1905 laws that created the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta out of the North-West Territories (1870–1905). Despite strong support for provincehood, frustrations were evident. The Bills’ most fiercely contested elements revolved around boundaries, the federal government’s ongoing control over public lands and resources and the educational clauses in the Bills.

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    Bomarc Missile Crisis

    The CIM-10B Bomarc was the world’s first long-range, nuclear capable, ground-to-air anti-aircraft missile. Two squadrons of the missile were purchased and deployed by the Canadian government in 1958. This was part of Canada’s role during the Cold War to defend North America against an attack from the Soviet Union. Prime Minister John Diefenbaker’s refusal to equip the missiles with nuclear warheads led to a souring of Canada’s relationship with the United States, especially once the Cuban Missile Crisis brought the issue to the fore. The issue split Diefenbaker’s Cabinet and contributed to his party losing the 1963 election.

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    Budgetary Process

    Canada's federal and provincial governments follow a budgetary process, designed to ensure control, accountability and planning in the spending of public money. 

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  • Article

    Cabinet

    In Canada’s parliamentary system of government, the cabinet is the committee of ministers that holds executive power. Cabinets are chaired by the prime minister (or in the provinces, by the premier). Ministers are typically elected politicians drawn from the party holding the most seats in the House of Commons (or the provincial legislature). Cabinets are traditionally strong, consensus-driven bodies; although some believe their influence is waning in the face of powerful prime ministers and their advisers.

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    Cabinet (Plain-Language Summary)

    The Cabinet is a committee of ministers. It holds executive power in government. This means it has the power to execute, or carry out, the government’s plans. Cabinets are chaired by the prime minister. In the provinces, they are chaired by the premier. Ministers typically come from the party with the most seats. They oversee major departments, such as finance, health, natural resources, etc. Cabinets are usually strong and driven by agreement. But some believe they have grown weaker as the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) has grown stronger. This article is a plain-language summary of Cabinet. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry: Cabinet.

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    Canada-China Relations

    Chinese immigration to Canada began with the Fraser River Gold Rush in 1858. Between 1881 and 1885, more than 17,000 Chinese workers helped complete the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). Chinese immigrants had to pay an increasingly large “head tax” starting in 1885. Between 1923 and 1947, Chinese immigration to Canada was effectively banned. Canada’s presence in China began with Christian missionary work in the 1890s. Canada and China were allies during the Second World War and adversaries in the Korean War. Canada’s official recognition of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in October 1970 helped open communist China to the West. Canada then aided China's entry into the United Nations, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Economic ties and human rights concerns have been hallmarks of the bilateral relationship ever since. More recently, relations have been strained by the Meng Wanzhou Affair and allegations of Chinese interference in Canada’s elections.

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  • Article

    Canada West

    In 1841, Britain united the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This was in response to the violent rebellions of 1837–38. The Durham Report (1839) laid out the guidelines to create the new colony with the Act of Union in 1840. The Province of Canada was made up of Canada West (formerly Upper Canada) and Canada East (formerly Lower Canada). The two regions were governed jointly until Confederation in 1867. Canada West then became Ontario and Canada East became Quebec.

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  • Article

    Charlottetown Conference (Plain-Language Summary)

    The Charlottetown Conference was a first step toward Confederation. It was held 1–9 September 1864 in Charlottetown. Follow-up meetings were held the following week in Halifax, Saint John and Fredericton. It was all organized by leaders from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. The purpose was to discuss the union of their three colonies. A group from the Province of Canada convinced them to unite all the British North American colonies. The meeting was followed by the Quebec Conference (10–27 October 1864) and the London Conference (December 1886–March 1867). They all led to Confederation on 1 July 1867. This article is a plain-language summary of the Charlottetown Conference. If you would like to read about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry: Charlottetown Conference.

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    Cod Moratorium of 1992

    On 2 July 1992, the federal government banned cod fishing along Canada’s east coast. This moratorium ended nearly five centuries of cod fishing in Newfoundland and Labrador. Cod had played a central role in the province’s economy and culture. The aim of the policy was to help restore cod stocks that had been depleted due to overfishing. Today, the cod population remains too low to support a full-scale fishery. For this reason, the ban is still largely in place. Click here for definitions of key terms used in this article.

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    Constitutional Act, 1791 (Plain-Language Summary)

    The Constitutional Act, 1791 was an act of the British Parliament. It was also known as the Canada Act. It divided the Province of Quebec into Upper Canada and Lower Canada. The Act was a first step on the long path to Confederation. It also gave women who owned property in Lower Canada the right to vote. But its rigid colonial structures set the stage for the Rebellions of 1837–38. This article is a plain-language summary of the Constitutional Act, 1791. If you would like to read about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry: Constitutional Act, 1791.

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