Education | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Queen's University

    Queen's University, Kingston, Ont, is one of Canada's oldest degree-granting institutions. It was established as Queen's College (in honour of Queen Victoria) in 1841, by the PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH of Canada in association with the Church of Scotland. Classes began on 7 March 1842 in a rented building with two professors and 10 students. Queen's was intended primarily as a college to train young men for the ministry, but denominational ties progressively diminished. In 1912 Parliament, by amending the charter, completed the separation of church and university. Thus the college became Queen's University at Kingston, an independent institution controlled primarily by its graduates.

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  • Article

    Regina Manifesto

    The Regina Manifesto was the founding policy document of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). Written in 1933, the 14-point policy statement called for eradicating capitalism and adopting socialist economic and social policies in a democratic state. 

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  • Article

    Resistance and Residential Schools

    Residential schools were government-sponsored religious schools that many Indigenous children were forced to attend. They were established to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture. Indigenous parents and children did not simply accept the residential-school system. Indigenous peoples fought against – and engaged with – the state, schools and other key players in the system. For the duration of the residential-school era, parents acted in the best interests of their children and communities. The children responded in ways that would allow them to survive.

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  • Article

    Rhodes Scholarships

    Under the terms of the will of Cecil Rhodes, Canadians became eligible to hold Rhodes scholarships in colleges of Oxford U. Since 1902 nearly 1000 scholars have been appointed by provincial selection committees answering to the Rhodes trustees in Britain.

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  • Article

    Royal Commission of Inquiry on Education in the Province of Quebec (Parent Commission)

    The Royal Commission of Inquiry on Education in the Province of Quebec (1961-1964) had a major impact on the structure of the Quebecois school system. It recommended the adoption of new pedagogical methods as well as the creation of new structures, namely the Ministry of Education, comprehensive schools, CEGEPs (Collèges d’enseignement général et professionnel; General and professional teaching colleges) and the Université du Québec network.

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  • Article

    Ryerson Press (now McGraw-Hill Canada)

    The publishing company Ryerson Press was founded as the Methodist Book Room in Toronto in 1829. A publishing arm of the Methodist Church, it issued religious publications and general books. This changed when William Briggs took over as book steward in 1879. Briggs developed a coherent policy of using revenue from the sale of foreign (agency) books to publish Canadian writers such as Charles G.D. Roberts, Wilfred Campbell and Catherine Parr Traill.

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  • Article

    Toronto Metropolitan University

    Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University) in Toronto, Ontario, was founded on 16 September 1948 as the Ryerson Institute of Technology. It became a full-fledged university in 1993. After years of backlash over the name of its founder, Egerton Ryerson, who was involved in the creation of residential schools, the school changed its name to Toronto Metropolitan University in 2022.

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  • Article

    Saint Mary's University

    Saint Mary's University, Halifax, was founded in 1802 to provide higher learning to young Catholic men. It is the oldest English-speaking, Roman-Catholic university in Canada. The Nova Scotia House of Assembly granted Saint Mary's its charter in 1841.

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  • Article

    St. Thomas University

    St. Thomas University, in Fredericton, NB, evolved from the Roman Catholic school system in the province and more directly from Saint Michael's Academy in Chatham.

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  • Article

    School and Youth Bands in Canada

    Bands came into favour in Canadian schools at the beginning of the 20th century. Educators, parents, and civic leaders recognized early the worth of the band as an adjunct to school games, dances, and other events. They also saw in it an attractive music-teaching device and an excellent means of building co-operative and coordinated behaviour and stimulating school spirit. More recently, bands have become accepted as vehicles for international cultural and educational exchange. Many Canadian school bands have undertaken international tours, winning awards and recognition.

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  • Article

    School Boards

    School boards are groups of elected (with exceptions) members of a community to whom the provinces have delegated authority over some aspects of education. There were about 800 school boards in Canada in the early 1990s.

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  • Article

    School Facilities

    The Indigenous peoples who occupied what is now called Canada for millennia had well-developed formal and informal systems for educating community members.

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  • Article

    School Systems

    A present-day feature of all developed countries is a system of schooling which is governed and supervised, at least to some extent, by the state. These systems were established and expanded to facilitate universal and compulsory education for young people between certain ages.

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  • Article

    SchoolNet

    SchoolNet was an educational project launched in 1993 by federal, provincial and territorial governments, educational organizations and industry partners. Their goals were to link Canadian schools and libraries (particularly those in remote areas) via the Internet and to foster the creation of a Canadian educational website in English and French.

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  • Article

    Second-Language Instruction

    The language that children first acquire naturally in the home is known as a first language (also as "mother tongue" and "native language"); any language learned after the first language has been acquired is a second language.

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