Communities & Sociology | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    National Indigenous Peoples Day

    Celebrated in Canada every 21 June, National Indigenous Peoples Day is an official day of celebration to recognize and honour the heritage, cultures and valuable contributions to society by First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples. National Indigenous Peoples Day is the same day as the summer solstice (the longest day of the year) and was chosen for its important symbolism to many Indigenous peoples (see Religion and Spirituality of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.) This day has been celebrated as a statutory territorial holiday in the Northwest Territories since 2001 and in the Yukon since 2017.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/877d8ab1-84a9-4ecd-8703-50661feef4e9.jpg National Indigenous Peoples Day

  • Article

    Francophone Nationalism in Québec

    ​Francophone nationalism in Québec or Québec nationalism is the result of the evolution of French-Canadian nationalism.

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  • Article

    Indigenous Peoples' Medicine in Canada

    Since time immemorial Indigenous peoples in Canada have been using plants and other natural materials as medicine. Plant medicines are used more frequently than those derived from animals. In all, Indigenous peoples have identified over 400 different species of plants (as well as lichens, fungi and algae) with medicinal applications. Medicine traditions — the plants used, the ailments treated, protocols for harvesting and application, and modes of preparation — are similar for Indigenous peoples across the country. In many Indigenous communities, there are recognized specialists trained in traditional medicine, and their practice often reflects spiritual aspects of healing as well as physical outcomes. In many cases, the therapeutic properties of Indigenous medicines are attributable to particular compounds and their effects on the body, but in other instances, their application is little understood by western medical practitioners. Within Indigenous communities, specific methods of harvesting and preparation of medicines are considered intellectual property of particular individuals or families.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/IndigenousMedicine/3583204597_ecec140ac7_m.jpg Indigenous Peoples' Medicine in Canada

  • Article

    Social Conditions of Indigenous Peoples in Canada

    Social conditions, including health, income, education, employment and community, contribute to the well-being of all people. Among the Indigenous population in Canada (i.e., First Nations, Métis and Inuit peoples), social conditions have been impacted by the dispossession of cultural traditions, social inequities, prejudice and discrimination. Social conditions also vary greatly according to factors such as place of residence, income level, and family and cultural factors. While progress with respect to social conditions is being achieved, gaps between the social and economic conditions of Indigenous people and non-Indigenous people in Canada persist.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/1c9e6b76-0f75-4626-bf76-5325340c66dd.jpg Social Conditions of Indigenous Peoples in Canada

  • Article

    Indigenous Women's Issues in Canada

    First Nations, Métis and Inuit women (collectively referred to as Indigenous women) face many socio-economic issues today because of the effects of colonization. Europeans forced a male-controlled system of government and society (known as patriarchy) on Indigenous societies. The 1876 Indian Act disadvantaged certain Indigenous women by excluding them from band council government and enforcing discriminatory measures that took away Indian Status rights. Many Indigenous women today are leading the way in the area of healing the wounds of colonization, as they grapple with the issues of residential schools, missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls, abuse and violence, and drug, alcohol and other addictions. (See also Indigenous Feminisms in Canada.)

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  • Article

    Netsilingmiut

    Until the latter half of the 20th century, the Netsilingmiut were nomadic hunters who lived in small shifting family groups with simple nonhierarchical social organization. They had no formal government and no institutionalized group relationships.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/f293ab63-54d2-4847-9688-ea19de3a10e7.jpg Netsilingmiut

  • Article

    The Neutral Confederacy

    The Neutral Confederacy was a political and cultural union of Iroquoian nations who lived in the Hamilton-Niagara district of southwestern Ontario and across the Niagara River to western New York before their dispersal by the Seneca in the mid-17th century. Some surviving Neutral migrated west and south, where they were absorbed by various Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) communities. As a result of this dispersal, information about pre-contact Neutral history comes mainly from Jesuit records and archaeological excavations.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/377f6033-1f74-466b-a742-684e889a069a.jpg The Neutral Confederacy

  • Article

    Nicola-Similkameen

    The Nicola-Similkameen were an enclave of Athapaskans living in the Nicola and Similkameen river valleys of south-central BC (and, marginally, north-central Washington state), surrounded by Interior Salish.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/f78eb160-4435-47f0-b8d4-d0694aa6ac55.jpg Nicola-Similkameen

  • Article

    Nine Hour Movement

    The Nine Hour Movement was an international phenomenon, taking place in Canada between January and June 1872. The movement’s goal was to standardize shorter working days.

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  • Article

    Nipissing (Nbisiing) First Nation

    Nipissing (also Nbisiing) First Nation people are of Algonquin and Ojibwe descent. (See also Anishinaabe and Algonquian.) The First Nation is made up of several communities along the north shore of Lake Nipissing. Their motto is an affirmation for protection of A-Kii (land), Bemaadzijik (people) and E-Niigaanwang (future). Nipissing First Nation was the first Anishinaabe nation in Ontario to ratify their own constitution in 2014. The population of Nipissing First Nation, as of November 2020, is 2,909. Two-thirds of the population reside off-reserve, while 916 live on-reserve.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/NipissingFirstNation/NFNGardenVillage.jpg Nipissing (Nbisiing) First Nation

  • Article

    Nisga'a

    The Nisga’a are the original occupants of the Nass River Valley of Northwestern British Columbia. As of 2021, 1,794 Nisga’a continue to live on traditional lands in this area. In the 2021 Census, 4,890 people identified as Nisga’a. Granted self-government in a landmark case in 2000, the Nisga’a Lisims Government now governs the Nisga’a nation.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/6c6fbfac-3c49-4d28-afd9-afbac5a5d336.jpg Nisga'a

  • Macleans

    Nisga'a Land Treaty

    This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on July 27, 1998. Partner content is not updated. A mere 111 years after a group of northwestern B.C. natives first asked Ottawa and Victoria for a treaty confirming their title to hundreds of square kilometres of the remote and lovely Nass River valley, their descendants may finally be on the verge of satisfaction.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Nisga'a Land Treaty

  • Article

    Niska Archaeological Site

    The Niska site (Borden No. DkNu-3) covers an area of 64 ha in southwestern Saskatchewan, east of the town of Ponteix.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/4643ad16-739c-485e-a87f-b6bbfb5dc881.jpg Niska Archaeological Site

  • Article

    No. 2 Construction Battalion

    On 5 July 1916, the Department of Defence and Militia authorized the formation of No. 2 Construction Battalion. It was the largest Black unit in Canadian history. Its members continued the proud tradition of service to king and country that went back to the American Revolution and continued through the War of 1812 and the Rebellions of 1837–38 to the start of the First World War. But there were many obstacles: Black soldiers and communities faced racism both at home and overseas, despite their commitment to the war effort.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/d2114b98-ef0d-4e98-aa49-892b095d77cc.jpg No. 2 Construction Battalion

  • Article

    Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)

    Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) are Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast in Canada. When explorer Captain James Cook encountered Nuu-chah-nulth villagers at Yuquot (Nootka Island, west of Vancouver Island) in 1778, he misunderstood the name for their nation to be Nootka, the term historically used to describe the Nuu-chah-nulth. The inlet where Cook first encountered the Nuu-chah-nulth is now known as Nootka Sound. In 1978, the Nuu-chah-nulth chose the collective term Nuu-chah-nulth (nuučaan̓uł, meaning “all along the mountains and sea”) to describe the First Nations of western Vancouver Island. In the 2016 census, 4,310 people identified as having Nuu-chah-nulth ancestry, 380 people reported the Nuu-chah-nulth language as their mother tongue.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/5c1e83c0-b312-4b79-a6ec-6f45c2a40e2b.jpg Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)