Signing up enhances your TCE experience with the ability to save items to your personal reading list, and access the interactive map.
Create AccountArticle
Saint-Germain, Treaty of, (1632), concluded 29 Mar 1632 at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, between Great Britain and France. The agreement restored Québec and those territories in the St Lawrence region which had been captured in 1628-29 by the British, to Louis XIII.
"https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9
Article
The Treaty of Utrecht was an agreement between Britain and France, concluded on 11 April 1713 at Utrecht in the Netherlands, as part of the series of treaties ending the War of the Spanish Succession.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/Utrecht.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/Utrecht.jpg
Article
The Treaty of Versailles is the name given to the document stipulating the peace terms imposed on Germany by the Allied victors of the First World War. Canada had separate representation at the conference where the treaty was negotiated, marking an important stage in the gradual movement toward Canadian independence from Great Britain.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/Categories_Placeholders/LAC/First World War - 3403907.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/Categories_Placeholders/LAC/First World War - 3403907.jpg
Article
Washington, Treaty of, negotiated in 1871, came into effect in 1873. Canadian PM Sir John A. MACDONALD was one of 5 commissioners chosen to represent British interests, but he held little power during the deliberations.
"https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9
Article
On 8 November 1861, seven months after the onset of the American Civil War, American Captain Charles Wilkes stopped RMS Trent, an unarmed British ship, in international waters between Cuba and the Bahamas. He took two Confederate envoys prisoner. The incident led to a diplomatic crisis between Britain and the United States that nearly led to a war that would have involved Canada. The Trent Affair was peacefully resolved when the two envoys were released on 1 January 1862 and allowed passage to Britain.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/TrentAffair/Trent_affair-boarding.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/TrentAffair/Trent_affair-boarding.jpg
Article
The triangular trade was a trade route connecting France, New France and the West Indies. It was established by France’s comptroller general of finance, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, and applied in Canada in 1667 by Jean Talon, the intendant of New France. The triangular trade enabled New France to diversify its economy and establish its position on the international trade networks.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/e010947298-v8.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/e010947298-v8.jpg
Article
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) started working in 2008. It was a result of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement (IRSSA). The IRSSA recognized the suffering and trauma experienced by Indigenous students at residential schools. It also provided financial compensation (money) to the students. The TRC performed many tasks. It created a national research centre. It collected documents from churches and government. It held events where students told their stories. Also, it did research about residential schools and issued a final report. (See also Reconciliation in Canada.)
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/2bd71aaf-ebc5-44e0-9f91-e4d07b16e81d.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/2bd71aaf-ebc5-44e0-9f91-e4d07b16e81d.jpg
Macleans
Two thunderclaps on an otherwise still night, plummeting balls of flame in the sky, and seconds later, a return to a now-eerie silence.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on July 29, 1996
"https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9
Article
Canada’s first national internment operations took place during the First World War, between 1914 and 1920. More than 8,500 men, along with some women and children, were interned by the Canadian government, which acted under the authority of the War Measures Act. Most internees were recent immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian, German and Ottoman empires, and mainly from the western Ukrainian regions of Galicia and Bukovyna. Some were Canadian-born or naturalized British subjects. They were held in 24 receiving stations and internment camps across the country — from Nanaimo, BC, to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Many were used as labour in the country’s frontier wilderness. Personal wealth and property were confiscated and much of it was never returned.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/6cfa6f0b-08c0-4ec8-a739-cb994b5c312d.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/6cfa6f0b-08c0-4ec8-a739-cb994b5c312d.jpg
Article
The Underground Railroad was a secret network of abolitionists (people who wanted to abolish slavery). They helped African Americans escape from enslavement in the American South to free Northern states or to Canada. The Underground Railroad was the largest anti-slavery freedom movement in North America. It brought between 30,000 and 40,000 fugitives to British North America (now Canada).This is the full-length entry about the Underground Railroad. For a plain language summary, please see The Underground Railroad (Plain-Language Summary).
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/62778b7a-e28f-4fe4-96c6-ec4011ee3af2.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/62778b7a-e28f-4fe4-96c6-ec4011ee3af2.jpg
Article
The United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada (UELAC) is a national organization that brings together descendants of United Empire Loyalists and promotes their memory and history through conferences, research, the maintenance of plaques and monuments and other such works. Membership is also open to those without Loyalist heritage. There are 28 branches in Canada, located in all provinces except Newfoundland and Labrador.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/3ef68354-0a3f-45a9-a803-aed291344b49.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/3ef68354-0a3f-45a9-a803-aed291344b49.jpg
Macleans
As Lac-Mégantic searches for a way forward, more troubling questions emerge about moving oil by railThis article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on July 29, 2013
"https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9
Article
The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/219dd890-0260-47f9-8ee6-817a0f8fb335.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/219dd890-0260-47f9-8ee6-817a0f8fb335.jpg
Article
Upper Canada was the predecessor of modern-day Ontario. It was created in 1791 by the division of the old Province of Quebec into Lower Canada in the east and Upper Canada in the west. Upper Canada was a wilderness society settled largely by Loyalists and land-hungry farmers moving north from the United States. Upper Canada endured the War of 1812 with America, William Lyon Mackenzie’s Rebellion of 1837, the colonial rule of the Family Compact and half a century of economic and political growing pains. With the Act of Union in 1841, it was renamed Canada West and merged with Lower Canada (Canada East) into the Province of Canada.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/ab6ffbc8-72e2-4fc1-9007-43a1b2c8948d.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/ab6ffbc8-72e2-4fc1-9007-43a1b2c8948d.jpg
Article
The following article is a feature from our Vancouver Feature series. Past features are not updated. During the 1920s Oppenheimer Park, also known as the Powell Street Grounds, was home to the best baseball team in the city. The Asahi drew its members from the surrounding Japanese-Canadian community. It all ended with the outbreak of World War Two.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/7bd7e2c8-07d9-4cf2-931c-5dd2665c08e1.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/7bd7e2c8-07d9-4cf2-931c-5dd2665c08e1.jpg
