Politics & Law | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Reciprocity (Plain-Language Summary)

    Reciprocity was a free trade deal between the United States and Canada. (Reciprocity is when both sides give and receive.) The deal reduced import duties and tariffs on certain goods traded between the two countries. It was in effect from 1854 to 1866. It was at times a source of great controversy in both countries. It was replaced in 1878 by the National Policy. It was a more protectionist policy. It imposed tariffs on imported goods. This shielded manufacturers in Canada from US competition. A more limited reciprocity deal was reached in 1935. It ended in 1948 after both countries signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). This article is a plain-language summary of Reciprocity. If you would like to read about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry: Reciprocity.

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  • Article

    Reconciliation in Canada (Plain-Language Summary)

    The word reconciliation is used a lot in Canada. It is closely tied with Indigenous peoples. Indigenous peoples were harmed in many ways in the past. Children were abused in residential schools. Their languages and cultures were taken from them (see Genocide and Indigenous Peoples in Canada). The key goal of reconciliation is to heal the wounds of the past and make reparations for these wounds. Reconciliation also includes making a better future. In Canada, the process of reconciliation has only recently started. The process will continue for a long time. This article is a plain-language summary of Reconciliation in Canada. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry, Reconciliation in Canada.

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  • Article

    Reconstruction Party of Canada

    The Reconstruction Party of Canada was a Canadian political party that was active during the mid-1930s. It was mainly a federal party that contested the 1935 election. It also had a short-lived Alberta wing that contested the 1935 Alberta election. It was one of four new political parties created in Canada during the Great Depression. (The others were the Social Credit Party, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and Quebec’s Union Nationale). The right-wing party was isolationist, favoured workers’ rights and opposed the power of big business. It was founded by longtime Conservative Party MP and Cabinet minister Henry Herbert Stevens, who was known for his anti-immigrant views. The party won only one seat in 1935 — the Kootenay East riding that Stevens had held for years. The party was dissolved when Stevens rejoined the Conservatives in 1938.

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  • Article

    Canadian Red Ensign

    The Canadian Red Ensign was the de facto Canadian national flag from 1868 until 1965. It was based on the ensign flown by British merchant ships since 1707. The three successive formal designs of the Canadian Red Ensign bore the Canadian coats of arms of 1868, 1921 and 1957. In 1891, it was described by the Governor General, Lord Stanley, as “the Flag which has come to be considered as the recognized Flag of the Dominion both afloat and ashore.” Though it was never formally adopted as Canada’s national flag, the Canadian Red Ensign represented Canada as a nation until it was replaced by the maple leaf design in 1965.

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  • Article

    Red River Resistance

    The Red River Resistance (also known as the Red River Rebellion) was an uprising in 1869–70 in the Red River Colony. The resistance was sparked by the transfer of the vast territory of Rupert’s Land to the new Dominion of Canada. The colony of farmers and hunters, many of them Métis, occupied a corner of Rupert’s Land and feared for their culture and land rights under Canadian control. The Métis mounted a resistance and declared a provisional government to negotiate terms for entering Confederation. The uprising led to the creation of the province of Manitoba, and the emergence of Métis leader Louis Riel — a hero to his people and many in Quebec, but an outlaw in the eyes of the Canadian government.

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  • Article

    Red Tory

    The language of Red Toryism became popular in the mid-1960s when Gad Horowitz suggested that George Grant was Red Tory.

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  • Article

    Redistribution of Federal Electoral Districts

    Redistribution describes both the allocation of seats in the House of Commons to the provinces and the procedure for drawing specific constituency boundaries within the provinces. This occurs every 10 years.

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  • Article

    Referendum

    A referendum is the asking of a political question to an electorate, for direct decision by general vote. Although federal referendums are rare in Canada, there have been numerous provincial referendums and plebiscites since Confederation. 

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  • Macleans

    Referendum Legislation

    They are a strange pair in many ways, these two Quebecers of different generations who share the conviction that their province belongs in Canada. Politics has never been a science for Jean Chrétien. He has forged his remarkable political career by following the call of his heart and his gut.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on December 20, 1999

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  • Macleans

    Referendum Question Unveiled

    Finally, the question. It is not long: only 41 words in French, 43 in English. Nor is it as clear as Jacques Parizeau always promised it would be. It is, in fact, cloaked in ambiguity, carefully crafted to obscure the full magnitude of the decision that awaits Quebec's 4.9 million voters.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on September 18, 1995

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  • Macleans

    Reform Holds Annual Convention

    How many politicians does it take to grease a combine? Three or four. It depends how fast you feed 'em in.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on June 17, 1996

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  • Article

    Reform Movement in Upper Canada

    After the War of 1812, Upper Canada began to develop rapidly. This resulted in social and economic tensions and political issues. These included the expulsion of Robert Gourlay, the Alien Question, the Anglican monopoly of the Clergy Reserves and education, and Tory control of patronage.

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  • Article

    Reform Party of Canada

    The Reform Party was a right-wing, populist, western political protest movement that grew to become the official opposition in Parliament in 1997. Reform played a role in the creation of the Canadian Alliance, as well as the demise of the federal Progressive Conservative Party — and the eventual merger of those two groups into today's Conservative Party.

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  • Macleans

    Reform Unveils Election Platform

     During his teenage years, Preston Manning spent many early daylight hours milking cows and performing other chores at the dairy farm near Edmonton owned by his father, Ernest, then the Social Credit premier of Alberta.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on October 28, 1996

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  • Macleans

    Regan Acquitted

    This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on December 28, 1998. Partner content is not updated. Gerald Regan waited silently for his moment of truth in a Halifax courtroom late last week.

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