Communities & Sociology | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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    Trailblazing Black Canadian Athletes

    Athletic success, we’re told, takes grit and determination. With these strengths, an athlete can overcome any obstacle and, if they’re good enough, become the best in their sport, regardless of the challenges ahead of them. But what if the goalposts keep moving? What if the finish lines are drawn farther, the hurdles set higher, and the windows of opportunity sealed shut? The athletes in this exhibit were not only the best in their fields, but among the best in history. They were the fastest sprinters, the most agile skaters, the hardest hitters and, in many cases, the first to succeed at a high level. But though they earned the respect of their elite peers and the awestruck admiration of onlookers, there were barriers to their success — a colour bar blocking their way. Nevertheless, these courageous Black men and women persevered, and in so doing, cleared a path for future generations.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/59201294-dbe8-482f-b464-585f218993eb.png Trailblazing Black Canadian Athletes
  • Article

    Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action

    The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) was officially launched in 2008 as part of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement. This multi-faceted agreement was intended to compensate survivors for the harms they suffered in residential schools, and to work towards a more just and equitable future for Indigenous peoples. The TRC was also meant to lay the foundation for lasting reconciliation across Canada. The TRC’s six-volume final report was released on 15 December 2015. It argued that the residential school program resulted in cultural genocide and outlined 94 Calls to Action.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/a042133-v6.jpg Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action
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    Tseshaht (Sheshaht)

    The Tseshaht (also Ts’ishaa7ath or Ć̓išaaʔatḥ; formerly Sheshaht) are a Nuu-chah-nulth First Nation living in Barkley Sound and Alberni Inlet, Vancouver Island, BC. As of September 2018, the federal government counted 1,212 registered members of the Tseshaht First Nation, the majority of whom (728) live off reserve.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/d8ac030b-9728-428c-a546-17223668b49b.jpg Tseshaht (Sheshaht)
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    Tsetsaut

    The Tsetsaut (also known as the Wetaɬ) were a Dene people who lived inland from the Tlingit (Łingít) along the western coast of British Columbia and Southeastern Alaska. Apart from Nisga’a oral tradition and the linguistic research of anthropologist Franz Boas, who lived among the Tsetsaut in the 1890s, little is known about them. The Tsetsaut were decimated by war and disease in the 1800s, their numbers reduced to just 12 by the end of the century. It was once believed that the last of the Tsetsaut people died in 1927 and that their ancient language was no longer spoken. However, as of 2019, there are approximately 30 people from the Tsetsaut/Skii km Lax Ha Nation identifying as Tsetsaut in British Columbia.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/cce8b2c9-3dd1-46a4-9e5a-8bf2b73404b5.jpg Tsetsaut
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    Ts'msyen (Tsimshian)

    Ts’msyen (Tsim-she-yan, meaning “Inside the Skeena River”; sometime spelled Tsimshian or Tsm’syen) is a name that is often broadly applied to Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. They speak languages of the Ts’msyen language family. In the 2016 census, 2,695 people reported speaking a Ts’msyen language. The largest concentration of Ts’msyen speakers (98.1 per cent) live in British Columbia. In the 2016 census, 5,910 people claimed Ts’msyen ancestry.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/31938a10-8f41-41b1-92bb-8096a3025bf3.jpg Ts'msyen (Tsimshian)
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    Tupiq

    Historically, Inuit used a simple tent, known as a tupiq (the plural form is tupiit), while travelling or hunting during the summer months. Today, the traditional tupiq is rarely used (because modern variations have largely replaced it), but some Inuit elders and communities are working to keep the tupiq, and other Inuit traditions, alive. (See also  Architectural History of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/Tupiq/InuitFamilyTupiq1915.JPG Tupiq
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    Turtle Island

    For some Indigenous peoples, Turtle Island refers to the continent of North America. The name comes from various Indigenous oral histories that tell stories of a turtle that holds the world on its back. For some Indigenous peoples, the turtle is therefore considered an icon of life, and the story of Turtle Island consequently speaks to various spiritual and cultural beliefs. This is the full-length entry about Turtle Island. For a plain-language summary, please see Turtle Island (Plain-Language Summary).

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/dreamstime_xxl_54953777.jpg Turtle Island
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    Turtle Island (Plain-Language Summary)

    Turtle Island is another name for North America. The origin of the name comes from the Algonquian-and-Iroquoian-speaking peoples. They are from the Northeastern part of North America. The stories are about a turtle that carries the world on its back. It is a symbol for life, the earth, and Indigenous identity. It also shows a deep appreciation for nature. This article is a plain-language summary of Turtle Island. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry, Turtle Island.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/dreamstime_xxl_54953777.jpg Turtle Island (Plain-Language Summary)
  • Article

    Tutchone

    The fluctuating fauna and subarctic climate, with warm summers and very cold winters, required a seminomadic way of life. Families gathered in spring and summer fish camps, at autumn meat camps, and clustered for part of the winter near dried food supplies and at good fish lakes.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/7d2699bc-260f-4b3e-b27a-f0d430e23030.jpg Tutchone
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    Two-Spirit

    ​Two-Spirit, a translation of the Anishinaabemowin term niizh manidoowag, refers to a person who embodies both a masculine and feminine spirit. The concept of two-spirit was first introduced by Elder Myra Laramee. Activist Albert McLeod helped develop the term in 1990 to broadly reference Indigenous peoples in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) community. Two-spirit is used by some Indigenous peoples to describe their gender, sexual and spiritual identity. (See also Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Rights in Canada.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/ce771970-735f-414b-904a-4d2e0670d563.JPG Two-Spirit
  • Article

    Uchucklesaht Tribe

    Uchucklesaht is a Nuu-chah-nulth First Nation of west Barkley Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island. According to the tribe, there are 299 Uchucklesaht citizens, only three of whom live in the village of Hilthatis.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/bef3cc60-b45e-4a19-b10f-b8248f21b21b.jpg Uchucklesaht Tribe
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    Yuułuʔiłʔatḥ (Ucluelet) First Nation

    Yuułuʔiłʔatḥ (formerly known as Ucluelet, Yuu-tluth-aht and Yu’lu’il’ath) are a Nuu-chah-nulth nation from west Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island. As of October 2021, there were 674 registered members, 446 of whom live off reserve. The Yuułuʔiłʔatḥ, along with several other Nuu-chah-nulth nations, have signed the Maa-nulth treaty, which has provided them with self-governance since April 2011.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/b5caad81-4e11-4466-8ae0-d9e61f5f9f5c.jpg Yuułuʔiłʔatḥ (Ucluelet) First Nation
  • Article

    Ukrainian Internment in Canada

    Canada’s first national internment operations took place during the First World War, between 1914 and 1920. More than 8,500 men, along with some women and children, were interned by the Canadian government, which acted under the authority of the War Measures Act. Most internees were recent immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian, German and Ottoman empires, and mainly from the western Ukrainian regions of Galicia and Bukovyna. Some were Canadian-born or naturalized British subjects. They were held in 24 receiving stations and internment camps across the country — from Nanaimo, BC, to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Many were used as labour in the country’s frontier wilderness. Personal wealth and property were confiscated and much of it was never returned.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/6cfa6f0b-08c0-4ec8-a739-cb994b5c312d.jpg Ukrainian Internment in Canada
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    Nunavimiut (Ungava Inuit)

    The term Ungava, meaning "towards the open water," was used to designate the Inuit band established at the mouth of the Arnaud (Payne) River.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Nunavimiut (Ungava Inuit)
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    Vancouver Feature: Joe Fortes Saves Lives, Wins Hearts

    The following article is a feature from our Vancouver Feature series. Past features are not updated. Vancouver’s “Citizen of the Century” was a portly Barbadian-born barman named Joe Fortes. Living in a small cottage near the bandstand in Alexandra Park, Fortes was the first official lifeguard at English Bay beach. He taught hundreds of Vancouverites how to swim.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Vancouver Feature: Joe Fortes Saves Lives, Wins Hearts