Signing up enhances your TCE experience with the ability to save items to your personal reading list, and access the interactive map.
Create AccountArticle
Guelph, Ontario, was typical of small Canadian cities during the First World War. Of its population of about 16,000, more than a third, 5,610, volunteered for military service; 3,328 were accepted. Today, 216 of their names are engraved on the city’s cenotaph. While Guelphites served overseas, the war had a profound and lasting effect on their hometown — an experience that provides an insight into wartime Canada.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/e38f8065-b481-40c7-9d21-690d7e0a84dc.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/e38f8065-b481-40c7-9d21-690d7e0a84dc.jpg
Macleans
The trial took 10 months, its drama unfolding daily behind floor-to-ceiling bulletproof glass in the highest-security courtroom in British Columbia. Spectators passed through a metal detector before entering the B.C. Supreme Court in Surrey, a southeast suburb of Vancouver.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on June 2, 1997
"https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9
Article
On 25 October 1784, Sir Frederick Haldimand, the governor of the province Quebec, signed a decree that granted a tract of land to the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), also known as the Six Nations, in compensation for their alliance with British forces during the American Revolution (1775–83). This tract of land, known as the Haldimand Grant or Haldimand Tract, extended for 10 km on both sides of the Grand River (southwestern Ontario), from its source to Lake Erie. Throughout the late 1700s and 1800s, the Crown and Haudenosaunee disputed rights to the land title. Negotiations about title to the Haldimand Tract still continue between the Canadian government and the Six Nations Confederacy.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/4e9bdb40-6a17-4aed-8166-559a7b871ae7.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/4e9bdb40-6a17-4aed-8166-559a7b871ae7.jpg
Article
The Halibut Treaty of 1923 (formally the Convention for the Preservation of Halibut Fishery of the Northern Pacific Ocean) was an agreement between Canada and the United States on fishing rights in the Pacific Ocean. It was the first environmental treaty aimed at conserving an ocean fish stock. It was also the first treaty independently negotiated and signed by the Canadian government; one of several landmark events that transitioned Canada into an autonomous sovereign state. It also indicated a shift in Canada’s economic focus from Britain to the US during the 1920s, when the US passed Britain as Canada’s largest trading partner. The treaty created the International Pacific Halibut Commission, which continues in its role today.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/HalibutTreaty/Pacific_halibut_range_2.png" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/HalibutTreaty/Pacific_halibut_range_2.png
Article
Halifax was devastated on 6 December 1917 when two ships collided in the city's harbour, one of them a munitions ship loaded with explosives bound for the battlefields of the First World War. What followed was one of the largest human-made explosions prior to the detonation of the first atomic bombs in 1945. The north end of Halifax was wiped out by the blast and subsequent tsunami. Nearly 2,000 people died, another 9,000 were maimed or blinded, and more than 25,000 were left without adequate shelter. This is the full-length entry about the Halifax Explosion. For a plain-language summary, please see Halifax Explosion (Plain-Language Summary).
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/7d331967-7fdb-493d-a6b8-f509bee35749.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/7d331967-7fdb-493d-a6b8-f509bee35749.jpg
Article
Halifax Relief Commission began 6 Dec 1917 as an emergency committee to provide immediate relief after the HALIFAX EXPLOSION. In Apr 1918, a 3-man commission was incorporated by provincial statute to administer a $30-million fund for medical care, social welfare, compensation and reconstruction.
"https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9
Article
The Hawker Hurricane was a combat aircraft of the 1930s and 1940s, designed by the British aircraft manufacturer Hawker Aircraft Ltd. The Hurricane was one of the principal combat aircraft that defended the United Kingdom during the Battle of Britain. This fighter plane played a pivotal role in the Second World War, primarily serving with the Royal Air Force, Royal Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force and Soviet Air Force. The Hurricane was mass-produced, with over 14,000 examples manufactured from 1937 to 1944. The Hurricane was produced in the United Kingdom and in Canada, with 1,451 examples built at the Canadian Car & Foundry plant, which was located in Fort William (now Thunder Bay), Ontario. Hurricane production in Canada lasted from 1938 to 1943 and was overseen by Elsie MacGill, the first woman in Canada to earn a master’s degree in aeronautical engineering. MacGill was popularly known as the “Queen of the Hurricanes” for overseeing the rapid production of the aircraft. At the height of production, the Canadian Car & Foundry plant produced 15 new aircraft each week.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/HawkerHurricane/Hurricane_a063534-v8.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/HawkerHurricane/Hurricane_a063534-v8.jpg
Article
From 1670 until 1987, the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) operated hundreds of trading posts in various parts of Canada and the northwestern US. During the fur trade, Indigenous trappers visited trading posts to exchange furs for valued goods produced by Europeans, including metal objects, weapons and glass beads. In 1870, the HBC’s vast territory of northern wilderness (see Rupert’s Land and North-Western Territories) was transferred to the Canadian government, and the HBC gradually transitioned from a fur trading company to a retail establishment. The HBC maintained posts in Northern Canada, however, until 1987. Some settlements that remained in and around the old trading posts developed into cities, such as Winnipeg (Fort Garry), Edmonton (Fort Edmonton) and Victoria (Fort Victoria). Some First Nations that had established themselves near HBC posts also have names that reflect their fur trading history, including Fort Albany First Nation in Ontario and Fort McKay First Nation in Alberta.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/Kugluktuk-Trading-Post.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/Kugluktuk-Trading-Post.jpg
Article
Hector, the ship which carried 178 Scottish immigrants to the Pictou area of northern Nova Scotia in 1773. Pictou was located on the "Philadelphia Plantation," an 81 000 ha tract granted to 14 Scots proprietors and settled desultorily since 1767.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/a0a529f1-d15d-4956-b0be-6b66feaa1bd1.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/a0a529f1-d15d-4956-b0be-6b66feaa1bd1.jpg
Article
The Heritage Canada Foundationwas established in 1973 under Executive Director R.A.J. Phillips and chairman Hartland M.
"https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9
Article
Heritage conservation has assumed a place in contemporary Canadian society because it addresses certain desires, notably for tangible connections to our historical roots and a "sense of place" for those who despair the "anyplace" character of many communities.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/1ba0fe33-33a6-47ce-af79-eec3df963b06.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/1ba0fe33-33a6-47ce-af79-eec3df963b06.jpg
Article
The Heritage Minutes collection is a bilingual series of history-focused public service announcements. Each 60-second short film depicts a significant person, event or story in Canadian history. They are produced by Historica Canada, the not-for-profit organization that also publishes this encyclopedia. First released in 1991, the Heritage Minutes have been shown on television, in cinemas and online. They have become a recognizable part of Canadian culture. The collection currently includes 100 episodes.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/ef617765-aea7-4495-8c0c-0be405231d56.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/ef617765-aea7-4495-8c0c-0be405231d56.jpg
Article
Liquor adulterated for use in the fur trade. Fur traders who supplied liquor to the natives often diluted their brandy, rum, whisky, etc, with flavoured water. The term "high wines" is a misnomer, for the trade goods are not wines but spirits.
"https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9
Article
Numerous tragedies have unfolded on Canadian roads and highways, the deadliest being a bus crash that killed 44 people in Quebec in 1997. Despite the death toll in such headline-grabbing disasters, Canada’s motor vehicle fatality and injury rates are steadily declining, thanks to engineering improvements in vehicles, and the increasing promotion and awareness of safe driving practices.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/Twitter_Cards/humboldt-1.png" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/Twitter_Cards/humboldt-1.png
Article
Canada’s war of independence was the First World War. Unlike the Americans, our war of independence was not fought against the country from which we became independent, but alongside it. We started the war as a colony of Britain and ended it as an ally. The remarkable performance of the Canadian Corps and its first Canadian commander made these gains in autonomy possible.
"https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/9dd8ed5e-dc70-4b32-a4d8-bbe7a5207248.jpg" // resources/views/front/categories/view.blade.phphttps://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/9dd8ed5e-dc70-4b32-a4d8-bbe7a5207248.jpg
