Communities & Sociology | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Racial Segregation of Asian Canadians

    The beginning of Chinese immigration to present-day British Columbia in the 1850s sparked a vociferous and sustained opposition from Euro-Canadian residents. This opposition intensified with the arrival of Japanese immigrants in the 1870s and South Asians in the early 1900s. To counter the supposed racial and economic dangers presented by these groups, labour leaders and others in the province successfully lobbied for legal and social restrictions on Asian employment, housing, education and civic participation in the province. These formed the basis for Asian segregation in British Columbia and Canada generally, which continued until the end of Japanese internment and the removal of all Asian voting restrictions in 1949. While it never attained the level of racial separation seen during the US South’s Jim Crow era, Asian segregation from whites in 19th and early 20th century Canada defined many aspects of everyday life in Canada.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/0cf92f4d-b2fe-43d7-90b4-4d520d9659b6.jpg Racial Segregation of Asian Canadians

  • Article

    Sekani

    Sekani, also known as the Tsek'ehne which means "people of the rocks or mountains," were first contacted by Alexander Mackenzie in 1793. They consisted of several family groups or bands, each of 30-40 persons, who hunted and traded along the Finlay and Parsnip tributaries of the Peace River.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Sekani

  • Article

    Seneca

    The Seneca (Onöndowa’ga, “People of the Great Hills”) are an Indigenous nation. Known as the “Keepers of the Western Door,” they are the western-most member of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy with ancestral lands located south of Lake Ontario. Today, some Seneca people also live on Six Nations territory near Brantford, Ontario. (See also First Nations.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/6c0023ab-b0fd-42d7-84e8-3ee0b717d091.jpg Seneca

  • Article

    Serbian Music in Canada

    Immigration to Canada by the peoples of this eastern portion of modern Yugoslavia began in significant numbers after World War II, and by 1986 some 12,970 Serbian-Canadians lived and worked in the industrial areas of southern Ontario. Others lived in Ottawa, Montreal, and Vancouver.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Serbian Music in Canada

  • Article

    Seven Nations

    The Seven Nations were Indigenous nations allied with the French and living on the réductions or reserves in the French area of settlement of New France (later Quebec). (See also Indigenous Peoples in Canada.)

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  • Article

    Seventh-Day Adventists

    Seventh-Day Adventists are heirs of the American Millerite Adventist movement of the 1840s. When Christ failed to come in 1844 as William Miller's followers expected, it was explained that He had had to cleanse the "heavenly sanctuary rather than the earthly one.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Seventh-Day Adventists

  • Article

    Shaman

    A shaman is a religious or mystical expert (male or female) who, in traditional Indigenous societies, functions as a healer, prophet and custodian of cultural tradition.(See also Religion and Spirituality of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/31938a10-8f41-41b1-92bb-8096a3025bf3.jpg Shaman

  • Article

    Shawn Atleo

    Shawn A-in-chut Atleo, chief, activist, businessman (born 16 January 1967 in Ahousaht, BC). Shawn Atleo was twice elected National Chief of the Assembly of First Nations (AFN). A Hereditary Chief of the Ahousaht First Nation in British Columbia, he also served as Regional Chief of the BC AFN, and was the first Indigenous university chancellor in British Columbia. As a leader, Atleo has emphasized education and the potential of Indigenous youth, treaty and land claim reforms, environmental management and resource sharing, as well as unity and a cooperative approach.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/ShawnAtleo/Shawn_atleo.jpg Shawn Atleo

  • Article

    Shawn Hook

    Shawn Hook (born Shawn Hlookoff), singer, songwriter, actor, music producer, philanthropist (born 5 September 1984 in Castlegar, BC). Shawn Hook is a pop singer-songwriter best known for the double platinum singles "Sound of Your Heart” and “Reminding Me” (featuring Vanessa Hudgens). He has been nominated for three Juno Awards and received the Allan Slaight Music Impact Honour from Canada’s Walk of Fame in 2017.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/Shawn_Hook_By_Daniel_Ahs.jpg Shawn Hook

  • Article

    Shawnadithit

    Shawnadithit (also known as Nance or Nancy April), record keeper of Beothuk history and culture (born circa 1800-6 in what is now NL; died 6 June 1829 in St. John’s, NL). Shawnadithit was captured by English furriers in 1823 and later worked as a housekeeper for merchant John Peyton Jr. In 1828, Shawnadithit was brought to Scottish merchant and naturalist William Cormack, who wanted to record information about the language and customs of the Beothuk. Shawnadithit drew maps of Beothuk territory as well as items of Beothuk material culture. While it is popularly believed that Shawnadithit was the last Beothuk, Mi’kmaq oral histories reject that claim. They argue that Shawnadithit’s people intermarried with inland Indigenous peoples after fleeing their homeland. The legacy of Shawnadithit as an important record keeper of Beothuk history and culture remains undisputed. In 2007, the federal government announced the unveiling of a Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada plaque recognizing Shawnadithit’s importance to Canadian history.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/5a96371d-c37d-49fd-a6da-ab62b28474d0.jpg Shawnadithit

  • Article

    Sheila Watt-Cloutier

    Sheila Watt-Cloutier (née Watt), OC, human rights and Indigenous rights activist, cultural preservation advocate, politician, writer and educator (born 2 December 1953 in Old Fort Chimo, QC). Watt-Cloutier is a respected Inuit leader who has received international recognition and acclaim in the areas of rights activism, environmental and climate change awareness and social justice.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/e73f3ab6-c1fd-4b17-b8dc-b6cb2e76e0b0.jpg Sheila Watt-Cloutier

  • Article

    Sheldon Kennedy

    Sheldon Kennedy, CM, OM, AOE, hockey player, activist (born 15 June 1969 in Brandon, MB). Sheldon Kennedy is a retired professional ice hockey player and a public advocate for child abuse prevention. He was part of the 1988 World Junior Championship-winning team and captained the 1989 Memorial Cup champion Swift Current Broncos before playing eight seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). In 1996, he came forward with revelations of years of sexual abuse at the hands of his junior hockey coach. Named the Canadian Press Newsmaker of the Year in 1997, Kennedy became a public speaker and activist. He is a member of the Order of Manitoba, the Alberta Order of Excellence and the Order of Canada. He has been inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and received the Order of Hockey in Canada.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/SheldonKennedy/1024px-Sheldon_Kennedy_2011-12-31.jpg Sheldon Kennedy

  • Article

    Shuvinai Ashoona

    Shuvinai Ashoona, artist (born August 1961 in Cape Dorset, NU). Shuvinai Ashoona's art has been exhibited extensively, both within Canada and internationally. Her drawings occupy a unique place within contemporary Inuit art, combining elements of Inuit culture and traditional stories with influences derived from contact with southern industrial society, all subsumed within the reality of her richly imaginative inner world. 

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/7bd673d7-c31e-4585-b3ed-7e9ded207405.jpg Shuvinai Ashoona

  • Article

    Sikhism in Canada

    Sikhism, a major world religion, arose through the teachings of Guru Nanak (circa 1469–1539) in the Punjab region of India. There are about 27 million Sikhs worldwide, making Sikhism the fifth largest religion. Sikhs (disciple or "learner of truth"), like Jews, are distinguished both as a religion and as an ethnic group. Though in principle universalistic and open to converts regardless of background, Sikhism has been identified primarily with Punjabi people, events and culture.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/e266d7b1-fb33-463e-96da-25996f85af41.jpg Sikhism in Canada

  • Article

    Siksikáí’powahsin: Blackfoot Language

    Siksikáí’powahsin (commonly referred to as the Blackfoot language) is an Algonquian language spoken by four Blackfoot nations: the Siksiká (Blackfoot), Aapátohsipikani (North Piikani), Aamsskáápipikani (South Piikani) and Kainai (Blood). While there are some dialectal differences between these groups, speakers can generally understand one another. Blackfoot is an endangered language; since the 1960s, the number of new speakers has significantly decreased. The development of language programs and resources in Canada and the United States seek to preserve the language and promote it to new speakers.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/48719197-b6cd-42c6-ae22-4978290d2f26.jpg Siksikáí’powahsin: Blackfoot Language