Politics & Law | The Canadian Encyclopedia

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  • Article

    Leo Kolber

    Ernest Leo Kolber, OC, businessman, philanthropist, senator (born 18 January 1929 in Montreal, QC; died 9 January 2020 in Montreal). Leo Kolber was a pillar of Canada’s business, political and philanthropic communities for more than 50 years. He was perhaps best known as a long-time advisor to the Bronfman family. Kolber also ran the successful real estate firm Cadillac Fairview Corporation, as well as holding companies that administered the Bronfman family trust. He served in the Senate of Canada from 1983 to 2004, most notably as chairman of the Standing Committee on Banking, Trade and Commerce. He was also the Liberal Party’s chief fundraiser for many years and chair of the Advisory Council on National Security from 2005 to 2007. An Officer of the Order of Canada, he was recognized for his many charitable and philanthropic contributions.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Leo Kolber

  • Article

    Leroy Little Bear

    Leroy Robert Little Bear, OC, AOE, Niitsitapi (Blackfoot) educator, lawyer, advocate, speaker, author, political activist (born c. 1943 at Blood Indian Reserve, AB). Leroy Little Bear has advised the United Nations, many First Nations and the federal and provincial governments on matters related to the constitution, Indigenous Title, justice and the restoration of the buffalo.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/LeroyLittleBear/CP2878383_resized.jpg Leroy Little Bear

  • Article

    Lester B. Pearson

    Lester Bowles (“Mike”) Pearson, PC, OM, CC, OBE, prime minister 1963–68, statesman, politician, public servant, professor (born 23 April 1897 in Newtonbrook, ON; died 27 December 1972 in Ottawa, ON). Lester Pearson was Canada’s foremost diplomat of the 1950s and 1960s. He formulated the basics of the country’s postwar foreign policy; particularly its involvement in NATO and the United Nations, where he served as president of the General Assembly. In 1957, he received the Nobel Peace Prize for his diplomatic efforts in facilitating Britain and France’s departure from Egypt during the Suez Crisis. A skilled politician, he rebuilt the Liberal Party and as prime minister strove to maintain Canada’s national unity. Under his leadership, the government implemented a Canada Pension Plan; a universal medicare system; a unified Armed Forces; and a new national flag.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/a136153.jpg Lester B. Pearson

  • Article

    Deskaheh

    Deskaheh (also known as Levi General), Cayuga (Gayogohó:no') chief and speaker of the Six Nations Hereditary Council (born in 1873 on the Six Nations Reserve near Brantford, ON; died on 25 June 1925 at the Tuscarora Reservation, New York). A member of the Longhouse religion, Deskaheh insisted that the Six Nations retain their languages and distinctive culture.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/17f95d34-9527-484a-990a-1dfca38335bf.jpg Deskaheh

  • Article

    Canada’s Cold War Purge of LGBTQ2 from Public Service

    Between the 1950s and the 1990s, the Canadian government responded to national security concerns generated by Cold War tensions with the Soviet Union by spying on, exposing and removing suspected LGBTQ2 individuals from the federal public service and the Canadian Armed Forces. They were cast as social and political subversives and seen as targets for blackmail by communist regimes seeking classified information. These characterizations were justified by arguments that people who engaged in same-sex relations suffered from a “character weakness” and had something to hide because their sexuality was considered a taboo and, under certain circumstances, was illegal. As a result, the RCMP investigated large numbers of people. Many of them were fired, demoted or forced to resign — even if they had no access to security information. These measures were kept out of public view to prevent scandal and to keep counter-espionage operations under wraps. In 2017, the federal government issued an official apology for its discriminatory actions and policies, along with a $145-million compensation package.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/24561e5f-6a40-423a-aae3-8324fa0b339e.jpg Canada’s Cold War Purge of LGBTQ2 from Public Service

  • Article

    Commissioners of the Northwest Territories

    ​For more information on territorial politics see: Northwest Territories. Commissioners Term Margaret Thom 2017-present George L. Tuccaro 2010-16 Anthony W.J. Whitford 2005-10 Glenna Hansen 2000-05 Daniel Joseph Marion 1999-2000 Helen Maksagak 1995-99 Daniel L. Norris 1989-94 John Havelock Parker 1979-89 Stuart Milton Hodgson 1967-79 Bent G. Sivertz 1963-67 R. Gordon Robertson 1953-63 Hugh A. Young 1950-53 Hugh L. Keenleyside 1947-50 Charles Camsell 1936-46 Hugh H. Rowatt 1931-34 William W. Cory 1919-31 Frederick D. White 1905-19 

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/693e6d1b-88c3-4b48-906b-ac17d42ea16b.jpg Commissioners of the Northwest Territories

  • Article

    Lillian Dyck

    Lillian Eva Quan Dyck, OC, scholar, feminist, senator, advocate for Indigenous rights (born 24 August 1945 in North Battleford, SK). Lillian Dyck was the first Indigenous woman in Canada to earn a PhD in science. She was also the first Indigenous female senator and the first Chinese Canadian senator. During her time in the Senate, she was part of several actions to improve life for Indigenous people in Canada. This includes work on criminal justice and Indigenous education reform, and bills to reinstate Indian Status to women who had lost it based on sexist laws. Dyck was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2021.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/LillianDyck/LillianDyck.jpg Lillian Dyck

  • Article

    Lincoln Alexander

    Lincoln MacCauley Alexander, CC, OOnt, QC, lieutenant-governor of Ontario 1985–91, member of Parliament 1968–80, lawyer, public servant (born 21 January 1922 in Toronto, ON; died 19 October 2012 in Hamilton, ON). Alexander was the first Black Canadian member of Parliament (1968), Cabinet minister (1979) and lieutenant-governor (Ontario, 1985). In recognition of his many important accomplishments, 21 January has been celebrated as Lincoln Alexander Day across Canada since 2015.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/Lincoln_Alexander_with_police_horses_at_the_Royal_Winter_Fair.jpg Lincoln Alexander

  • Article

    Lionel Conacher

    Lionel Pretoria Conacher, multi-sport athlete, politician (born 24 May 1900 in Toronto, Ontario; died 26 May 1954 in Ottawa, Ontario). Deserving of his nickname, “the big train”, Lionel Conacher was Canada’s greatest all-round athlete. He was named Canada’s Athlete of the Half Century in 1950. He also served as an MPP and as Ontario athletic commissioner, as well as a federal Member of Parliament. One of only three players to win both a Stanley Cup and a Grey Cup, Conacher was inducted into Canada’s Sports Hall of Fame (1955), the Canadian Football Hall of Fame (1963), the Canadian Lacrosse Hall of Fame (1966) the Hockey Hall of Fame (1994) and Canada’s Walk of Fame (2022). The award for Canada’s male athlete of the year is named in his honour.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/SportsAwards/Lionel_Conacher.jpg Lionel Conacher

  • Article

    Louis XIV

    King Louis XIV, king of France (born 5 September 1638 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France; died 1 September 1715 in Versailles, France). Louis XIV was the longest-reigning monarch in European and Canadian history, serving as the king of France for 72 years (from 1643 to 1715) — nearly two years longer than the 70-year reign of Queen Elizabeth II. In 1663, Louis XIV assumed direct control of New France as a Crown Colony, sponsoring increased immigration (see Filles du Roi), regulating the fur trade and creating a stronger French military presence in the region (see Carignan-Salières Regiment). Despite these efforts, Louis XIV’s military and diplomatic endeavours — including repeated wars with the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), as well as the War of the Spanish Succession and the Treaty of Utrecht — shifted the balance of power in North America. This created the eventual conditions for the British conquest of New France with the support of the Iroquois during the Seven Years’ War of 1756–63.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/LouisXIV/Louis_XIV.jpg Louis XIV

  • Article

    Louise McKinney

    Louise McKinney (née Crummy), Alberta MLA (1917–21), women’s rights activist, lay preacher (born 22 September 1868 in Frankville, ON; died 10 July 1931 in Claresholm, AB). Louise McKinney was the first woman elected to a legislature in Canada and in the British Empire. She was a member of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and a devout Methodist and prohibitionist. She was a pioneer suffragist and one of the Famous Five behind the Persons Case, the successful campaign to have women declared persons in the eyes of British law. She was also instrumental in passing Alberta’s Dower Act in 1917. However, her views on immigration and eugenics have been criticized as racist and elitist. She was named a Person of National Historic Significance in 1939 and an honorary senator in 2009.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/Twitter_Cards/mckinney.jpg Louise McKinney

  • Article

    Loyalists in Canada

    Loyalists were American colonists, of different ethnic backgrounds, who supported the British cause during the American Revolutionary War (1775–83). Tens of thousands of Loyalists migrated to British North America during and after the war. This boosted the population, led to the creation of Upper Canada and New Brunswick, and heavily influenced the politics and culture of what would become Canada.(This is the full-length entry about Loyalists in Canada. For a plain-language summary, please see Loyalists in Canada (Plain-Language Summary).)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/151acf74-3492-4e2d-891d-6a2bada0080c.jpg Loyalists in Canada

  • Article

    William Lyon Mackenzie

    William Lyon Mackenzie, journalist, politician (born 12 March 1795 in Dundee, Scotland; died 28 August 1861 in Toronto, ON). A journalist, Member of the Legislative Assembly, first mayor of Toronto and a leader of the Rebellions of 1837, Mackenzie was a central figure in pre-Confederation political life. His grandson, William Lyon Mackenzie King, was Canada’s longest-serving prime minister.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/5d0eceb5-f423-4b8e-972d-781605284d83.jpg William Lyon Mackenzie

  • Article

    Maggie Vail Murder Case

    In September 1869, berry pickers in Saint John, New Brunswick, discovered the remains of an adult and a child hidden in some bushes. The bodies were soon identified as belonging to Sarah Margaret “Maggie” Vail and her infant daughter, Ella May. Later that month, architect John A. Munroe was charged with the murder of Vail, with whom he had an affair. Although his lawyer argued that Munroe was incapable of murder given his education and social standing — an early example of the “character” defence — he was convicted in December 1869. Munroe eventually confessed to the murders and was executed in February 1870.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/Maggie Vail Memorial Nov 2013.JPG Maggie Vail Murder Case

  • Article

    Mahmud Jamal

    Mahmud Jamal, Supreme Court of Canada justice, Court of Appeal for Ontario judge, litigation lawyer, author, teacher (born 1967 in Nairobi, Kenya). Mahmud Jamal is the first racialized person and the first South Asian Canadian to be appointed as a justice to the Supreme Court of Canada. A former Fulbright scholar with a background in law and economics, Jamal worked as a litigator with the Toronto firm Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt LLP before becoming a judge with the Court of Appeal for Ontario. He began serving on the Supreme Court on 1 July 2021.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/CanadianPressPhotos2022/CP139157958.JPG Mahmud Jamal