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  • Article

    Railway History in Canada

    The development of steam-powered railways in the 19th century revolutionized transportation in Canada and was integral to the very act of nation building. Railways played an integral role in the process of industrialization, opening up new markets and tying regions together, while at the same time creating a demand for resources and technology. The construction of transcontinental railways such as the Canadian Pacific Railway opened up settlement in the West, and played an important role in the expansion of Confederation. However, railways had a divisive effect as well, as the public alternately praised and criticized the involvement of governments in railway construction and the extent of government subsidies to railway companies. This is the full-length entry about Railway History in Canada. For a plain-language summary, please see Railway History in Canada (Plain-Language Summary).

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  • Timelines

    Railway History

    The development of steam-powered railways in the 19th century revolutionized transportation in Canada.

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  • Article

    Railway History in Canada (Plain-Language Summary)

    Railways are one of the most important inventions in history. They are one of the most important innovations in Canadian history. Railways connect Canada from coast to coast and from north to south. They are vital to the Canadian economy and society. The first railways in Canada were built in the early 19th century. In 1885, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) completed Canada’s first transcontinental railroad. (See Canadian Pacific Railway (Plain-Language Summary).) Other large railways lines were to follow. By the beginning of the 20th century thousands of kilometres of railway linked Canada. (This article is a plain-language summary of railway history in Canada. If you are interested in reading about this topic in more depth, please see our full-length entry, Railway History in Canada.)

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  • Article

    Railway Safety

    One of the most famous railway accidents in recent years was the 1979 "Mississauga Derailment". There were no injuries, but the accident involved leaking chlorine cars and forced the evacuation of 250 000 nearby residents.

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  • Article

    Rain

    Central US lows, entering Canada somewhere between Manitoba and Québec, are of major environmental significance because they pass through the industrial heartland of the US and frequently bring ACID RAIN.

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  • Article

    Rainbow

    A rainbow is a coloured arc that occurs when sunlight shines onto falling raindrops and is refracted, then reflected back towards the observer. In this process, each drop acts as a tiny prism, splitting the sun's rays (according to wavelength) into their component colours.

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  • Article

    HMCS Rainbow

    His Majesty’s Canadian Ship (HMCS) Rainbow was an Apollo-class cruiser that was commissioned into Britain’s Royal Navy in 1893. In 1910, Britain sold the vessel to Canada, where it became one of the first two warships of the newly formed Naval Service of Canada. Rainbow served 10 years in the Canadian navy, including throughout the First World War. It was sold for scrap in 1920.

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  • Article

    Rainfall Extremes

    The amount of rain or snow that reaches the ground can vary dramatically on any particular given day, even over short distances. Many people have experienced a near-deluge of rain in their backyard, while at the same time their front yard or their neighbour's home remains quite dry.

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  • Article

    Rainfall Extremes: Table

    Rainfall Extremes: Table Rainfall Extremes: Table Rainfall Extremes: Table Alberta 213 mm Eckville South June 1970 BC 489 mm Ucluelet October 1967 Manitoba 217 mm Riding Mountain Park September 1975 New Brunswick 179 mm Alma April 1962 Newfoundland 173 mm St. John's August 1876 Northwest Territories 91 mm Ennadai Lake September 1972 Nova Scotia 239 mm Halifax September 1942 Ontario 264 mm Harrow July 1989 PEI 164 mm Charlottetown September 1942 Québec 172 mm Barrage...

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  • Article

    Ram Tank

    The Ram was a Canadian cruiser tank produced during the Second World War (WWII) to overcome the lack of tanks in Canada. This Canadian tank used a modified version of the US M3 tank chassis, with the addition of a turret that could accommodate a 40-mm anti-tank gun in the initial design and a 57-mm gun from 1942 on. From 1941 to 1943, the Montreal Locomotive Works produced about 1,949 Ram tanks. Because of the availability of other, more modern tanks, the Ram never saw combat, but its design served as the basis for variants such as the Kangaroo armoured personnel carrier and the Sexton self-propelled gun. The Ram and its variants are the only tanks ever designed and built in Canada. (See also Armaments.)

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  • Article

    Ranching History

    Fort Macleod was the first cattle town in the Canadian West. Early ranching was centered around the headquarters of the North West Mounted Police (courtesy Glenbow Archives).A round-up in Alberta's ranching country (photo by Angus McNee, courtesy Take Stock Photography Inc.).Photo by Notman & Son (courtesy Library and Archives Canada/C-8812).Fall roundup: lead man John Thompson herding cattle back to ranches, Alberta, October 1975 (photo by Ted Grant/courtesy Library and Archives Canada/PA-142584).PreviousNext Ranching History Ranching developed...

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  • Article

    Rand Formula

    The Rand Formula is a feature of Canadian labour law requiring workers covered by collective bargaining contracts to pay union dues — whether or not those workers are union members. The Formula was a victory for unions struggling for recognition and security after the Second World War, and became a standard part of labour contracts, and union power, in the decades that followed.

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  • Macleans

    Random House/Doubleday Merger

    David Kent is in a combative mood. Seated at the desk in his book-lined corner office, the 48-year-old president of Random House Canada, a Toronto-based publisher, is taking calls and returning messages from business associates and journalists.This article was originally published in Maclean's Magazine on February 1, 1999

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  • Article

    Rape

    Rape Rape see SEXUAL ASSAULT 

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  • Macleans

    Rape in the Military

    This article was originally published in Maclean’s magazine on May 25, 1998. Partner content is not updated. Dawn Thomson remembers peering up at the windows of Nelles Barracks when she arrived for her first posting at CFB Esquimalt in Victoria in January, 1992. She saw a wall of men's faces - then came the hollering and the catcalls, a cacophony of sexual innuendo and gutter talk. This article contains sensitive material that may not be suitable for all audiences.

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