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  • Article

    St. Joseph's Island Treaty (No. 11)

    The St. Joseph’s Island Treaty of 1798 (also known as Treaty 11 in the Upper Canada numbering system) was an early land agreement between First Nations and British authorities in Upper Canada (later Ontario). It was one of a series of Upper Canada Land Surrenders. The St. Joseph’s Island Treaty encompassed all of St. Joseph’s Island, known as Payentanassin in Anishinaabemowin and today called St. Joseph Island. The 370 km2 island is situated at the northern end of Lake Huron, in the channel between Lakes Huron and Superior. The British needed a post in the area to protect their interests and maintain contact with Indigenous peoples of the region. The British also realized they would have to evacuate their post at Michilimackinac under the terms of Jay’s Treaty and needed an alternative location.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/StJosephIslandTreaty/StJosephIslandTreaty1.jpg St. Joseph's Island Treaty (No. 11)

  • Article

    Status of Women

    The first European expeditions that came to Canada to explore and trade for furs did not include women.

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  • Article

    Statute of Westminster, 1931

    The Statute of Westminster is a British law that was passed on 11 December 1931. It was Canada’s all-but-final achievement of independence from Britain. It enacted recommendations from the Balfour Report of 1926, which had declared that Britain and its Dominions were constitutionally “equal in status.” The Statute of Westminster gave Canada and the other Commonwealth Dominions legislative equality with Britain. They now had full legal freedom except in areas of their choosing. The Statute also clarified the powers of Canada’s Parliament and those of the other Dominions. (See also Editorial: The Statute of Westminster, Canada’s Declaration of Independence.)

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/fb8b6e92-b549-4842-8b58-76626f1e9087.jpg Statute of Westminster, 1931

  • Article

    Statute of Westminster 1931 Document

    Statute of Westminster, 1931: DocumentSelected text of the Statute of Westminster:An Act to give effect to certain resolutions passed by Imperial Conferences held in the years 1926 and 1930 Whereas the delegates to His Majesty's Governments in the United Kingdom, the Dominion of Canada, the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Irish Free State and Newfoundland, at Imperial Conferences holden at Westminster in the years of our...

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Statute of Westminster 1931 Document

  • Editorial

    Editorial: The Statute of Westminster, Canada's Declaration of Independence

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. In the fall of 1929, Canada’s Minister of Justice, Ernest Lapointe, travelled to England. He took with him Dr. Oscar Skelton — the “elder statesman” of the Canadian civil service, as William Lyon Mackenzie King once described him. When Lapointe and Skelton were done their negotiations, they had confirmed that Canada would have its independence from the British Empire.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/43cb3921-bb9b-4a07-818d-0f1dfeb80b26.jpg Editorial: The Statute of Westminster, Canada's Declaration of Independence

  • Article

    Women's Suffrage in Canada

    Women’s suffrage (or franchise) is the right of women to vote in political elections; campaigns for this right generally included demand for the right to run for public office. The women’s suffrage movement was a decades-long struggle to address fundamental issues of equity and justice. Women in Canada, particularly Asian and Indigenous women, met strong resistance as they struggled for basic human rights, including suffrage. Representative of more than justice in politics, suffrage represented hopes for improvements in education, healthcare and employment as well as an end to violence against women. For non-white women, gaining the vote also meant fighting against racial injustices. (See also Women’s Suffrage Timeline.)

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  • Article

    Sutil and Mexicana

    In 1792, after exploratory voyages by Spaniards Manuel Quimper (1790) and Francisco de Eliza (1791), the extent of Juan de Fuca Strait remained a mystery. Some still believed the strait held the entry to the fabled Northwest Passage.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 Sutil and Mexicana

  • Article

    Temperance Movement in Canada

    The temperance movement was an international social and political campaign of the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was based on the belief that drinking was responsible for many of society’s ills. It called for moderation or total abstinence from alcohol. This led to the legal prohibition of alcohol in many parts of Canada. The Canada Temperance Act (Scott Act) of 1878 gave local governments the “local option” to ban the sale of alcohol. In 1915 and 1916, all provinces but Quebec prohibited the sale of alcohol as a patriotic measure during the First World War. Most provincial laws were repealed in the 1920s in favour of allowing governments to control alcohol sales. Temperance societies were later criticized for distorting economic activity, and for encouraging drinking and organized crime.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/c0f20001-e566-4ebf-9c88-f1a5ae278291.jpg Temperance Movement in Canada

  • Article

    The Great War in the Air

    Airplanes became an important part of modern warfare during the First World War (1914–18). Aircraft technology developed rapidly and by war’s end, airplanes were involved in reconnaissance, artillery spotting, air-to-air combat, strafing ground targets, anti-submarine warfare, tactical and strategic bombing and home defence. More than 20,000 Canadians served in British flying services (Royal Flying Corps, Royal Naval Air Service and Royal Air Force) during the war. Approximately 1,400 were killed or died from wounds or accidents. Canada did not have an air force during the First World War; a single-plane Canadian Aviation Corps was established in 1914, but never saw service and soon disbanded. Later, on 5 August 1918, two Canadian Air Force squadrons were formed in Britain, but were disbanded the next year when the British cut off funding. The Royal Canadian Naval Air Service was formed in September 1918 but lasted only three months before the war ended. Canada would not have a permanent air force until 1924 (see Royal Canadian Air Force).

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/f864cf51-65b5-4803-85a1-a7908ffdc0aa.jpg The Great War in the Air

  • Editorial

    The Assassination of Thomas D'Arcy McGee

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated. It is the greatest murder mystery in Canadian political history. Thomas D’Arcy McGee, Father of Confederation and outspoken opponent of the Fenians, was assassinated on an Ottawa street in the early hours of Tuesday, 7 April 1868.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/4a74eaf5-4691-4b89-9d50-e98da872ed41.jpg The Assassination of Thomas D'Arcy McGee

  • Editorial

    William Lyon Mackenzie and the Founding of Toronto

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.

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    https://development.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/tce_placeholder.jpg?v=e9dca980c9bdb3aa11e832e7ea94f5d9 William Lyon Mackenzie and the Founding of Toronto

  • Article

    The Book of Negroes

    The document called the “Book of Negroes” is a British naval ledger that lists the names of Black Loyalists who fled to Canada during the American Revolutionary War (1775–83). It is also the title of Lawrence Hill’s third novel, which was published in 2007. (It was released in the United States, Australia and New Zealand under the title Someone Knows My Name.) A work of historical fiction, The Book of Negroes tells the story of Aminata Diallo, who is captured by slave traders in Africa and brought to America. Aminata’s story illustrates the physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, religious and economic violations of the slave trade. The novel has been translated into more than eight languages and has sold more than 800,000 copies worldwide. It won the Rogers Writers’ Trust Fiction Prize, the Commonwealth Writers’ Prize and the Commonwealth Prize for Best Book. It was also the first book to win both CBC Radio’s Canada Reads and Radio Canada’s Combat des livres.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/new_article_images/TheBookOfNegroes/48275821552_2b150a253f_c.jpg The Book of Negroes

  • Article

    The Bully Boys

    Eric Walters’s The Bully Boys (2000) is a work of historical fiction for young adults. It follows Tom Roberts, a young farm boy who aids and observes Lieutenant James FitzGibbon and his mercenary soldiers during the War of 1812.

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  • Article

    The Burning of Washington

    In the final summer of the War of 1812, British presence in the Chesapeake region was strengthened in an effort to divert the American forces from the frontiers of Upper and Lower Canada.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/07db67ae-df36-4c64-b774-750df91b2db9.jpg The Burning of Washington

  • Editorial

    The Canadian Peacekeeping Tradition

    The following article is an editorial written by The Canadian Encyclopedia staff. Editorials are not usually updated.

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    https://d2ttikhf7xbzbs.cloudfront.net/media/media/60ad4bbe-5c2b-4bbb-bd25-be7af3c895d3.jpg The Canadian Peacekeeping Tradition